Nuclear Physics. The Nucleus: Back to Rutherford Rutherford.

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Presentation transcript:

Nuclear Physics

The Nucleus: Back to Rutherford Rutherford

the nucleus Atomic number Atomic mass Notation A X Z e.g. 55 Fe 26 A=55, Z=26, N=29

All Stable Nuclei are composed of a. protons and electrons. b. protons and neutrons. c. neutrons and electrons. d. only protons. e. only neutrons.

Isotopes and Isobars Isotopes – different number of neutrons –Carbon comes in types –Carbon-12 (Z=6,A=12,N=6) –Carbon-14 (Z=6, A=14, N=8) Isobars – different elements, same A –e.g. Carbon-14 (Z=6,A=14,N=8) (radioactive) Nitrogen-14 (Z=7,A=14,N=7) (stable) Oxygen-14 (Z=8,A=14,N=6) (radioactive)

Nuclear Binding

Strong Force (Quantum Chromodynamics)

Units of mass Mass –kg –MeV/c 2 Using E=mc 2 –Amu (or u) 1/12 m( 12 C) includes electron 1u= MeV/c 2 = x kg

Binding Energy E=mc 2 m atom H

The charge on the neutron is a. the same as the charge of the proton. b. zero. c. half the proton charge. d. proportional to the square of the nuclear radius. e. twice the proton charge.

the curve of binding energy

Binding energy is negative (but written as a positive quantity) most stable

Fission Fig 45-2a, p.1482

The chain reaction Fig 45-3, p.1483

Chain reaction chainreaction

Fig 45-4, p.1484

Devastation

controlling it Fig 45-6, p.1486

Fig 45-5, p.1485

Fig 45-CO, p.1479

Fig 45-14, p.1494 Fusion and power

Squeeze it Fig 45-10a, p.1491 Princeton Plasma Physics Lab

Fig 45-11, p.1492 ITER

blow it up Fig 45-12, p.1493 National Ignition Facility (NIF) Livermore

Why neutrons spacers and glue Nuclear binding

Valley of stability

15. How does the rest energy of a nucleus compare to the sum of the rest energies of the individual nucleons when apart from the nucleus? a. It is greater than the sum. b. It is less than the sum. c. It is equal to the sum. d. It is in the ratio of 1:1.25. e. It is in the ratio of 1:1.1.