United States Involvement in the Middle East

Iran-Iraq War Persian Gulf War 1 (Operation Desert Storm) Persian Gulf War 2 (Operation Iraqi Freedom) War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) Saddam Hussein Al-Qaeda Osama Bin Laden ISIS/ISIL Words to Know

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Iraqi History British Mandate British Backed Monarchy Post WWI British colony King chosen by England Dictatorships King Faisal I of Iraq Original caption: Death of King Faisal. Faisal, King of Iraq, whose sudden death is just announced. Image: © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS Date Photographed: ca Baath Revolution Overthrew unpopular monarchy

Iraq History A. British Mandaate control Post WWI British colony B.British Backed Monarchy C.King chosen by England Dictatorships1958 Baath Revolution

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Baath Party Sets up a secular (non-religious) government Uses oil $ for government projects Hussein begins to eliminate opponents HUSSEIN CARD AS PART OF DECK OF 55 CARDS OF US CHARACTERS WANTED Reuters/CORBIS

Draw this graphic organizer on the left side of your notebook. Baath Party Secular (non-religious) government Uses oil $ for government projects Hussein begins to eliminate opponents

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was a crisis between Iran and the United States 53 Americans were held hostage for 444 days ( ) A after a group of Islamic students and militants took over the American embassy in support of the Iranian Revolution. The Iranian Hostage Crisis

the hostage crisis was viewed by the Iranian’s as a blow against the United States and its influence in Iran, its perceived attempts to undermine the Iranian Revolution, and its longstanding support of the recently overthrown Shah of Iran Why was there a hostage crisis?

Iraq invaded Iran in 1980 after a long history of border disputes and fears of a Shia invasion For the next six years the war came at a great cost in lives and economic damage Iraq-Iran War

Operation Desert Storm/Persian Gulf War

Causes of Persian Gulf War (the 1st one!)  Iraq claimed Kuwait’s land was theirs (it wasn’t)  Claimed Kuwait was stealing oil (“slant drilling”)  $ owed to other countries for previous Iran-Iraq War.  Hussein thought no one would stop him

Persian Gulf War Claimed Kuwait was stealing oil (“slant drilling”) Hussein thought no one would stop him $ owed to other countries for previous Iran-Iraq War. Iraq claimed Kuwait

Why did Saddam invade Kuwait in 1990? STOP! And review…

1 st Persian Gulf War Starts (Operation Desert Storm) Iraq invaded Kuwait in August of 1990, under the direction of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. The United nations responded to the Iraqi invasion by demanding that Iraq withdraw its troops from Kuwait. The United nations asked other countries to cut off trade to Iraq (Embargo) in an attempt to force them to withdraw, that attempt failed. -President Bush Declares War (Video)President Bush Declares War (Video) The United States and thirty other countries formed a coalition and began sending military troops into Saudi Arabia over the next few months.

The united Nations set a date for Iraq to leave Kuwait Iraq rejected the date and refused to leave. The U.S. and their allies began attacking Iraq through the use of air power then by a ground assault. After a devastating battle resulting in many Iraqi deaths, the Iraqi’s were driven out of Kuwait.

 The war was a military victory for the coalition  Kuwait and Iraq suffered heavycasualties  Part of the peace treaty allowed Saddam Hussein to remain in power.

9/11 & Al-Qaeda

9/11 and Al-Qaeda  On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda attacked  Twin Towers-New York City  Pentagon-Washington D.C.  4 th plane-believed to be headed to White House  Crashed in a field in Pennsylvania  Al-Qaeda is a group of Islamic terrorists that were largely based in Afghanistan.  The terrorist attacks on that day killed nearly 3,000 people.

Al-Qaeda The group is wanted by the United States for its September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, as well as a host of lesser attacks. To escape the post-9/11 U.S.-led war in Afghanistan, al-Qaeda’s leadership fled eastward into Pakistan, However, in May, 2011 Bin Laden was found and killed in Pakistan.

What is al-Qaeda? Al-Qaeda seeks to rid Muslim countries of what it sees as the influence of the West and replace their governments with strict Islamic governments based upon the Koran and known as Sharia Law. After al-Qaeda’s September 11, 2001, attacks on America, the United States launched a war in Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda’s bases there and overthrow the Taliban “Al-Qaeda” is Arabic for “The Base.”

What are al-Qaeda’s origins? Al-Qaeda grew out of the opposition to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In the 1980s, bin Laden, recruited, trained, and financed 1000s for what he claimed to be a Holy War (Jihad) Bin Laden wanted these fighters to continue the "holy war" beyond Afghanistan. He formed al-Qaeda around Bin Laden believed that Middle Eastern nations should be strict theocratic governments.

Interactive Notebook Question (left side) Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?

Where does al- Qaeda operate?

There is no single headquarters, At time of 9/11, hiding in the mtns of Afghanistan Al-Qaeda has underground cells in some 100 countries, including the United States. To escape the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan, al-Qaeda’s leadership once again sought refuge in Pakistan’s Bin Laden, along with some other members of the organization, were found hiding in Pakistan along the Afghan border.

Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan

 Osama bin Laden took credit for the attacks  U.S. President George Bush called on other countries to help wage a war on terrorism to crush al-Qaeda.  In October 2001, U.S., British, and Canadian forces invaded Afghanistan in search of bin Laden and to destroy al-Qaeda and their allies the Taliban (Operation Enduring Freedom).  The grip of the Taliban and al-Qaeda on Afghanistan was broken. The U.S. led forces still struggle to control portions of the country as of 2013.

Operation Iraqi Freedom Iraq War

The Iraq War (Persian Gulf War 2, Operation Iraqi Freedom)  Saddam Hussein was still president of Iraq at the time of the Afghanistan invasion.  the U.S government feared connections between Hussein and al-Qaeda  believed Iraq was building Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD’s)  Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical weapons.  The United Nations sent inspectors to Iraq to check for WMD’s however Iraq failed to allow them to complete their inspections. In response the U.S. Congress passed an Iraq War Resolution that authorized the president to go forward with a war in Iraq.

In March 2003, the U.S. began bombing targets in the capital of Baghdad. British, Australian, Polish, and American soldiers invaded Iraq and defeated the Iraqi army. Saddam Hussein was captured, put on trial for crimes against humanity by the Iraqi’s, and later executed.

Weapons of Mass Destruction were never found in Iraq. However, many believed the Iraqi government sent all WMD’s to other countries before the invasion. This was to include Syria and Pakistan, In August or 2013, the Syrian government openly used chemical weapons against their own people. Many believe these may be those same weapons.

End of the War-2011 In 2011, President Obama called for the official withdrawal of all US troops from Iraq. During the US presence in Iraq, the dictatorship was overthrown and a new democratic government established. Since the US withdrawal, the stability of the country has been called into question with the continue attacks of ISIS.

Interactive Notebook Question List three types of Weapons of Mass Destruction 2-Name two wars the U.S. fought against Iraq 1-Name the former dictator of Iraq

Why is the U.S. interested in the M.E.? Oil Stop Terrorists Spread democracy

ISIS/ISIL

What is ISIS/ISIL? ISIS-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIL-Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militant group and self- proclaimed Islamic state and caliphate, which is led by and mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria The Levant

Interactive Notebook Question (left side) What event led Osama bin Laden to form Al-Qaeda in 1988?

When finished with notes, create a timeline to include important dates discussed throughout the PowerPoint. Be sure to include The Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) The Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom) The Iran Hostage Crisis Iran-Iraq War Operation Enduring Freedom 9/11 terrorist attacks Directions

Bibliography Council for Foreign Relations. Retrieved May 13, 2009