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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Assess the strengths and weaknesses of each region’s economy.  Contrast the political situations of the Union and the Confederacy. Section 1: The Opposing Sides

Why It Matters The Civil War was a milestone in American history. The four-year-long struggle determined the nation’s future. With the North’s victory, slavery was abolished. During the war, the Northern economy grew stronger, while the Southern economy stagnated. Military innovations, including the expanded use of railroads and the telegraph, coupled with a general conscription, made the Civil War the first “modern” war.

The Civil War ( ) Lincoln wins the election of 1860 Lincoln wins the election of 1860 Lower S secedes the Union Lower S secedes the Union Forms the CSA Forms the CSA Confederates attack Fort Sumter Confederates attack Fort Sumter Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion (90 day enlistment) Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion (90 day enlistment) “On to Richmond” battle cry “On to Richmond” battle cry

Civil War (cont’d) Upper S secedes the Union (VA, NC, TN, AR) Upper S secedes the Union (VA, NC, TN, AR) CSA moves the capitol from Montgomery to Richmond, VA CSA moves the capitol from Montgomery to Richmond, VA Lincoln uses Executive power Lincoln uses Executive power Congress not in session Congress not in session “indispensible to the public safety “indispensible to the public safety Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus

Civil War (cont’d) Martial law in border states (would increase S population 50%) Martial law in border states (would increase S population 50%) Union volunteers begin training Union volunteers begin training Union thinks a quick capture of Richmond will end the war (90 day war) Union thinks a quick capture of Richmond will end the war (90 day war)

Choosing sides Some families split Some families split 3 of Mary Todd Lincoln’s brothers died fighting for the Confederacy 3 of Mary Todd Lincoln’s brothers died fighting for the Confederacy 313 Union officers resign to join the CSA 313 Union officers resign to join the CSA Robert E. Lee turns down offer from Winfield Scott and Abraham Lincoln to command the Union forces Robert E. Lee turns down offer from Winfield Scott and Abraham Lincoln to command the Union forces

Confederate and Union Strengths and Weaknesses

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Union Strengths 22 million to 9 million (5.5 white) 22 million to 9 million (5.5 white) More men for battle More men for battle More men for factory work More men for factory work 85% of factories (convert to war materials) 85% of factories (convert to war materials) Produce guns, ammo, clothing, and shoes for the army Produce guns, ammo, clothing, and shoes for the army 70% of RR 70% of RR Movement of troops, food, and supplies easier (communication) telegraph Movement of troops, food, and supplies easier (communication) telegraph

Union Strengths (cont’d) Better balance of farming and industry (65%) Better balance of farming and industry (65%) Far more money in banks Far more money in banks A functioning government A functioning government Existing army and navy (most sailors from N) Existing army and navy (most sailors from N)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What financial advantages did the North have over the South? The North controlled the national treasury and was able to continue collecting money from tariffs. Northern banks loaned the federal government money by buying government bonds. The Legal Tender Act passed by Congress created a national currency and allowed the government to issue paper money. Southern planters and banks could not buy bonds. The Union Navy blockaded Southern ports, so money raised by taxing trade was greatly reduced. To raise money, the South taxed its own people. Many Southerners refused to pay the taxes. The South was forced to print its own paper money, which caused rapid inflation in the South. (pages 351–352) (cont.) Advantages and Disadvantages

Confederate Strengths Confederate Strengths Know the land Know the land 7 of 8 military colleges are in the S 7 of 8 military colleges are in the S Best trained officers are Southerners Best trained officers are Southerners Fighting to preserve their way of life Fighting to preserve their way of life Just have to keep from losing the war (will hurt them) Just have to keep from losing the war (will hurt them) Jagged coastline (easier to defend) Jagged coastline (easier to defend)

What military advantages did the North and the South have at the start of the Civil War? One-third of the Union’s military officers resigned and joined the Confederacy. The South had a strong military tradition. Seven of the eight military colleges were in the South, so the South had a large number of trained army officers. The North had a strong naval tradition. Three-fourths of the U.S. Navy’s officers were from the North. The North had a large pool of trained sailors from merchant ships. Most of the navy’s warships and all but one shipyard were under Union control. Choosing Sides (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 350–351)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Weak Southern Government Why was President Jefferson Davis’s ability to conduct the war limited? The Confederate constitution emphasized states’ rights, which limited the central government’s power and interfered with Davis’s ability to conduct the war. (page 353 )

Sec 1 Review Name some reasons why Lee chose not to accept the position of Major General in the US army. Name some reasons why Lee chose not to accept the position of Major General in the US army. Name some of the strengths of the Union in the war. Name some of the strengths of the Union in the war. Name some of the strengths of the Confederacy in the war. Name some of the strengths of the Confederacy in the war.

Confederate and Union Military Strategies

Union Strategy Developed by Winfield Scott (after 1 st Bull Run) Developed by Winfield Scott (after 1 st Bull Run) The Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan Surround the S and squeeze them into submission (500,000 man army) Surround the S and squeeze them into submission (500,000 man army) Naval blockade of S ports Naval blockade of S ports Keep S from shipping cotton ($) Keep S from shipping cotton ($) Keep manufactured goods from getting in Keep manufactured goods from getting in Control the Mississippi River (split S in two) Control the Mississippi River (split S in two)

Confederate Strategy Plan a war of attrition (leadership) Plan a war of attrition (leadership) Defensive war (not what many soldiers want) Defensive war (not what many soldiers want) Fight as long as they can until the other side quits Fight as long as they can until the other side quits Withhold cotton from Britain and European countries so they will help with the war Withhold cotton from Britain and European countries so they will help with the war

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Diplomatic Challenge (cont.) At the outbreak of the Civil War, what did Confederates want from Europeans? Confederates wanted Europeans to recognize the Confederacy and declare the Union navy’s blockade illegal. They wanted Europeans to help the South in the war. (pages 353–354)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The First “Modern” War (cont.) Why was the Confederate’s defensive war of attrition unsuccessful? This defensive warfare outraged many Southerners. So Southern troops instead often went on the defensive, charging enemy lines and suffering large numbers of casualties. (pages 354–356)

Technology and Tactic Changes Old muskets accurate up to 40 yds Old muskets accurate up to 40 yds Rifles- 500 yd range (minie ball) Rifles- 500 yd range (minie ball) New artillery shells New artillery shells Explode when they hit something Explode when they hit something Canisters (shotgun effect) Canisters (shotgun effect) Shells that exploded above the ground Shells that exploded above the ground Leads to trench warfare Leads to trench warfare

Checking for Understanding (cont.) Explain why the South had difficulty getting supplies from foreign nations. Foreign countries did not want to risk war with the United States. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Groups and Institutions How did a belief in states’ rights hamper the South during the war? The South lacked a strong central government needed to coordinate the war effort.

Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Comparing Why did the North have an economic advantage over the South? The Union controlled the U.S. Treasury, still collected revenues from tariffs, and many northern banks had large cash reserves that they could lend to the government.

Civics Life in the northwestern counties of Virginia was very different from life in the lowland areas. Small farms, not plantations worked by enslaved persons, dominated the landscape. The northwestern Virginians did not see why they should leave the Union to protect the rights of slaveholders. In August 1861 the northwestern counties broke away to apply for statehood as West Virginia.