Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist) Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval ships Anti-British/Pro-French Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans. Against slavery Owned 200 slaves Strict Construction of Constitution Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territory Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.

Born in Virginia Graduate of William and Mary College A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses Father of the DOI Secretary of State under President Washington Vice President under Adams Owned 200 slaves Born in Virginia Graduate of William and Mary College A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses Father of the DOI Secretary of State under President Washington Vice President under Adams Owned 200 slaves

Aaron Burr ( ) Born in Newark N.J. Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war. A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton Vice President of the United States ( ). Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel Involved in the Burr Conspiracy Aaron Burr ( ) Born in Newark N.J. Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war. A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton Vice President of the United States ( ). Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Mudslinging Modern Campaigns

The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Jefferson wins 73 to 65 Role of Aaron Burr Situation with Aaron Burr 12 th Amendment

Election of 1800: 1. Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused flaws in the electoral college  Parties chose their candidates and electors would vote for them 2. Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr----House of Representatives chose Jefferson. 3. To eliminate future problems  12 th Amendment:  12 th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so their would never be a tie. electoral college FederalistsDemocratic Republicans FederalistsDemocratic Republicans Adams--Pres---65Jefferson---Pres Hamilton---VPBurr---VP----73

Significance of Election of 1800 peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another revolutionary“revolutionary” achievement Significance of Election of 1800 peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another revolutionary“revolutionary” achievement John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican

Responsibility Breeds Moderation “the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression” “We are all Republicans, We are all Federalists” “honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none” Washington D.C. and it’s image New role of President

Jeffersonian Restraint Alien and Sedition Acts expired Pardoned “martyrs” Naturalization Law of 1802 Only change, No more excise tax

Adams was the last Federalist president Jefferson kept most of Federalist policies Federalist diplomats had signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war. Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy Adams was the last Federalist president Jefferson kept most of Federalist policies Federalist diplomats had signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war. Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy

Responsibility › Moderation Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking himself Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural address Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway congressional representatives Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking himself Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural address Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway congressional representatives

Restraint Helps Revolution Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years Repealed hated excise tax Made efforts to eliminate debt Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years Repealed hated excise tax Made efforts to eliminate debt

Yet Jefferson showed restraint by leaving most of Federalist program Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster Yet Jefferson showed restraint by leaving most of Federalist program Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster Restraint Helps Revolution

Jefferson’s Presidency is considered a transitional period in US History. Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy. Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency Would try to reduce National Govt. power but actually expands Presidential power. Jeffersonian democracy KING GEORGE FEDERALISTS JEFFERSON

common man Champion for the common man Believed education would prepare them for participation in government….. For now, educated should rule… Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency Jeffersonian democracy Federalist Kept most Federalist programs. WHY? Washington/Adams Washington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA. Whiskey tax Repealed the Whiskey tax BUS Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—BUS Alien Act Eliminated Alien Act

Jeffersonian democracy Visualized an agrarian societyVisualized an agrarian society Feared industrialization and its effects ….Feared industrialization and its effects …. Farmers were the chosen class.Farmers were the chosen class. Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s livesLaissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s lives Owned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would end but predicted it would divide U.S…Ultimate goal, Blacks would assimilate into American societyOwned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would end but predicted it would divide U.S…Ultimate goal, Blacks would assimilate into American society Native Americans, co-existence a long range goal but would have to learn agricultural ways and become self- sufficient… For that time, Indians and whites could not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western landsNative Americans, co-existence a long range goal but would have to learn agricultural ways and become self- sufficient… For that time, Indians and whites could not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western lands Believed education the key to social mobilityBelieved education the key to social mobility

The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Judiciary Act of created 16 new federal judges Last act of dying Federalists Party New Congress repels law and gets rid of “midnight judges” Marshall Court- Marbury vs. Madison

Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Shrink the military to save money “peaceful coercion” Barbary Coast Pirates Bribes and plunder “Shores of Tripoli” Mosquito fleet /americas-forgotten-war-jefferson-takes-on- pirates/?intcmp=hpff#sp=show-clipshttp://video.foxnews.com/v/ /americas-forgotten-war-jefferson-takes-on- pirates/?intcmp=hpff#sp=show-clips

1801: Pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his share of dollars Informally declared war on US. 1801: Pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his share of dollars Informally declared war on US.  Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched navy, secured peace for $60,000 ransom for American sailors.

Barbary raids

 Small gunboats used with some success in Tripoli  Jefferson interested in their cost savings.  “Mosquito fleet” of 200 small gunboats constructed.  War of 1812: these boats would prove to be ineffective.

The Louisiana Godsend Spain cedes Louisiana to France Mississippi? Louisiana Purchase –Haiti –Better American than the British Strict vs. loose interpretation

Great Britain after the Revolution. United States after War Spanish land French Land in 1801 New Orleans

1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England 1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England

Haitian rev New Orleans Under My Wings The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society) New Orleans Under My Wings The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society)

Haitian rev Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti. Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion which he wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America…. Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America. Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti. Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion which he wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America…. Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.

Louisiana purchase Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million Needed the money for his war with Great Britain Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre Doubled the size of the US Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed. Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million Needed the money for his war with Great Britain Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre Doubled the size of the US Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed.

LP Constitutional ? Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution? implied powersloose construction Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction to justify his decision “It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you.” Madison to Jefferson “Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a larger area of land.”

LP Constitutional ? Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution? Hamilton and Federalists were against this purchase Why? Population shift take Federalist power away in Congress “agrarian society”Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian society” “valley of democracy”Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of democracy”

Map 6 of 45 Expansion of the United States

Map 7 of 45 Expansion of the United States with Louisiana Purchase 1803

Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north Louisiana Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark. Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north Louisiana Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark. Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest

Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition. She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes had never seen white men before. Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful. Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition. She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes had never seen white men before. Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.

Map LP/3

The Aaron Burr Conspiracies Dropped from the cabinet in 2 nd term Secession of New York and New England Alexander Hamilton The Duel Treason and Flee to Europe

embargo1  Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New England Federalists.  Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in  Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede from the nation  Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New England Federalists.  Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in  Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede from the nation  Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election  The conspiracy then disintegrated  Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election  The conspiracy then disintegrated

embargo1  Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton,  Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot him  Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton,  Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot him  Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many

 In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule  Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason  In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule  Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason  A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

America: A Nutcrackered Neutral Reelection in 1804 War between France and Britain –Deadlock in Europe –British Pass Orders of Council No one trades with France –Continental System No one trades with GB –Impressment –U.S.S. Chesapeake

 1806: England closed ports under French control to foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed Americans.  Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports. impressment Impressment An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy

1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop. British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered 3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed 1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop. British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered 3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed Chesapeake affair

Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British. Chesapeake article Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington Federalist reported, “We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit of the people excited to so great a degree of indignation, or such a thirst for revenge, as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage on the Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and professions were unanimous in their detestation of the dastardly deed, and all cried aloud for vengeance.”

The Hated Embargo Response- –Embargo Act of 1807 Trade with no one Economy Hurt Repelled just before leaving office Showed dependency on Europe

embargo1 Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo Act of 1807…. Short of war, Jefferson attempted to defend our neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world. Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo Act of 1807…. Short of war, Jefferson attempted to defend our neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world.

Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and traded for most of their natural resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS CALLED ECONOMIC COERCION. It would have the reverse effect…… The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade which was our economic survival as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the law and began to smuggle goods from these countries as well as others. Hurt American businesses New Englander’s shift from trade to industry U.S. smuggled New England talked of secession….. Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809 Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and traded for most of their natural resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS CALLED ECONOMIC COERCION. It would have the reverse effect…… The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade which was our economic survival as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the law and began to smuggle goods from these countries as well as others. Hurt American businesses New Englander’s shift from trade to industry U.S. smuggled New England talked of secession….. Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809 embargo2

American people were hostile towards Jefferson Referred to the Embargo as “Dambargo, Mobrage, Go Bar Em”…. Would be replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act by President Madison which allowed U.S. exports and trade but not with France and Great Britain…… embargo2 “Our ships all in motion, Once whiten’d the ocean; They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo; Now doom’d to decay They are fallen a prey, To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.” A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out, “Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him, stretch forth his hands and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson) who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---and you shall be Conquerors!!!”