Christianity in Europe In 1500, Christianity was mostly limited to Europe - Divisions: Roman Catholic / Eastern Orthodox On the defensive against Islam - Loss of Holy Land by Fall of Constantinople in Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1529

Protestant Reformation Began in 1517 – Martin Luther’s 95 theses (discuss) - salvation through faith alone, not good deeds - no need for indulgences - questioned religious hierarchy Luther - printing press – bible in vernacular Lots of divisions of Protestantism spread therefore there were several religious wars –1598: French Wars of Religion (Catholics vs. Huguenots) –1648: the Thirty Years’ War in the Holy Roman Empire (mostly today’s Germany). Constantine, etc.

95 Theses

Catholic Reformation The Protestant Reformation provoked a counter Catholic Reformation - stopped indulgences - ended much corruption New religious 0rders - Jesuits – spread Christianity, even went to China as missionaries - Dominicans and Franciscans as well

Christianity Outward Bound Imperialism enabled the globalization of Christianity - Spain, Portugal, France - Portuguese missionaries led in Africa and Asia - Spanish and French were prominent in the Americas - Russian Orthodox missionaries worked in Siberia European success encouraged belief that the old gods had been defeated Christians didn’t confront a literate world religion - no holy texts = easier to convert Confucians, Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims resisted Christianity much more

Holy Virgin Cathedral - Russia

Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America Population collapse, conquest and resettlement made conversion possible - vast majority baptized by 1700 Europeans tried to destroy native religions Sometimes had to blend Christianity with old religions - Christian saints took on functions of precolonial gods - many rituals survived with some Christian influence

Brazilian Savior

China and the Jesuits Needed government permission for operation Especially targeted the official Chinese elite Were respectful of Chinese culture, tried to accommodate it Not much conversion at all - efforts gained 200,000–300,000 converts in 250 years

Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions Religious elements came w/ slaves to the Americas - Europeans tried to suppress African “sorcery” - but elements of voodoo, Santeria, etc. remained Islamic “renewal” in Arabian Peninsula - founder Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) was a theologian - ended veneration of saints - aimed to restore strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law) - women were expected to subject themselves to husbands - “idols” were destroyed - tobacco, hashish, and musical instruments were banned

Islamic “renewal” This is why Muslim women must marry Muslim men in some countries. Stoning. One of the consequences of not adhering to Sharia Law in many Islamic countries. As a Muslim, you are forbidden to drink alcohol.

China – Back to Old Traditions China still followed Confucianism -added Buddhist and Daoist ideas (neo-Confucianism) Elite Believed: kaozheng - “research based on evidence” - emphasized need for analysis, instead of unsupported speculation - led to new works on agriculture, medicine, etc - scientific approach to knowledge Lively popular culture among the less well educated - production of plays, paintings, and literature

India: The Hindu/Muslim Divide bhakti - achieve union with the divine through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals - appealed especially to women - often set aside caste distinctions - much common ground with Sufism, helped to blur the line between Islam and Hinduism in India Sikhism Spread – Blend of Hinduism and Islam - founder: Guru Nanak.. grew in Punjab region - evolved into a militant community in response to hostility

Guru Nanak

The Birth of Modern Science Scientific Revolution - was based on careful observations, controlled experiments, and formulation of general laws to explain the world Significance - challenged the teachings and authority of the Church - challenged ancient social hierarchies and political systems - also used to legitimize racial and gender inequality Inventions : Microscope / Telescope

New Inventions

Why Europe??? Islamic world - most advanced scientifically 800–1400 China’s technology – unmatched for centuries following the millennium European Conditions - legal system allowed autonomy for institutions - first corporations – Dutch/English East India Islamic world – science not in university system China – civil service exams – classical Confucian texts - no autonomy for higher learning institutions - disdain for science and philosophy

Dutch East India Company

Science as Cultural Revolution Aristotle and Ptolemy - earth is stationary, at the center of the universe - a universe of divine purpose Nicolaus Copernicus - On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) - earth and the planets revolved around the sun - Kepler and Galileo built on his ideas Isaac Newton - formulated laws of motion and mechanics - central concept: universal gravitation - natural laws of the universe

Isaac Newton

End of the Scientific Revolution By Newton’s death - different view of the physical universe - functioned according to mathematical principles - the “machine of the universe” is self-regulating - knowledge of the universe can be obtained through reason - the heart as a pump rather than as mysterious center of the body’s passions, etc.

The Enlightenment Adam Smith – laissez-faire John Locke – tabula rasa Rousseau – social contract Montesquieu – separation of powers Voltaire – deism “like a clock”

Thanks Montesquieu and Rousseau Rousseau and his “social contract” Montesquieu and “separation of powers”

Adam Smith

European Science beyond the West Science became the most widely desired product of European culture - but early modern Asia was only modestly interested Mostly interested in astronomy and mathematics Japan - some European contact via the Dutch Ottoman Empire chose not to translate major European scientific works Islamic educational system was conservative, made it hard for theoretical science to do well

Confucianism in China

19 th Advances in Science and Theory Charles Darwin - argued that all of life was in flux - origin of species / the descent of man – evolution Karl Marx / Engels – socialism / communism’ Sigmund Freud - cast doubt on human rationality

Reflections Ideas shape peoples’ mental or cultural worlds and influence behavior. - many early modern ideas are still highly significant The development of early modern ideas took place in an environment of great cultural borrowing. - borrowing was selective - borrowing sometimes caused serious conflict - efforts to stop cultural influence - efforts to suppress the original culture