Chapter 13 Vocabulary 12 Words Quiz Friday April 5th

THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION CHAPTER 13

NATURAL SELECTION CHARLES DARWIN WAS AN ENGLISH NATURALIST WHO PUBLISHED A BOOK IN 1859 THAT CONTAINED CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT SPECIES EVOLVED

TODAY, ALMOST ALL SCIENTISTS ACCEPT THAT EVOLUTION IS THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSITY OF ALL LIFE ON EARTH TODAY, ALMOST ALL SCIENTISTS ACCEPT THAT EVOLUTION IS THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSITY OF ALL LIFE ON EARTH

DARWIN’S VOYAGE HE WAS HIRED AS A NATURALIST ON THE HMS BEAGLE HE WAS HIRED AS A NATURALIST ON THE HMS BEAGLE HE FOUND EVIDENCE THAT CHALLENGED THE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS THAT THE SPECIES ARE UNCHANGING HE FOUND EVIDENCE THAT CHALLENGED THE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS THAT THE SPECIES ARE UNCHANGING

NATURAL SELECTION INDIVIDUALS THAT HAVE PHYSICAL OR BEHAVIORAL TRAITS THAT BETTER SUIT THEIR ENVIRONMENT ARE MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE AND WILL REPRODUCE MORE SUCCESSFULLY THAN THOSE THAT DO NOT HAVE SUCH TRAITS INDIVIDUALS THAT HAVE PHYSICAL OR BEHAVIORAL TRAITS THAT BETTER SUIT THEIR ENVIRONMENT ARE MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE AND WILL REPRODUCE MORE SUCCESSFULLY THAN THOSE THAT DO NOT HAVE SUCH TRAITS

DARWIN SUGGESTED THAT ORGANISMS ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT DARWIN SUGGESTED THAT ORGANISMS ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT AN ADAPTATION IS AN INHERITED TRAIT THAT HAS BECOME COMMON IN A POPULATION BECAUSE THE TRAIT PROVIDES A SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE AN ADAPTATION IS AN INHERITED TRAIT THAT HAS BECOME COMMON IN A POPULATION BECAUSE THE TRAIT PROVIDES A SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION DARWIN’S FOUR MAJOR POINTS DARWIN’S FOUR MAJOR POINTS 1. INHERITED VARIATION EXISTS WITHIN THE GENES OF EVERY POPULATION OR SPECIES 2. IN A PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT, SOME INDIVIDUALS OF A POPULATION OR SPECIES ARE BETTER SUITED TO SURVIVE AND HAVE MORE OFFSPRING

3. OVER TIME, THE TRAITS THAT MAKE CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS OF A POPULATION ABLE TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE TEND TO SPREAD IN THAT POPULATION 4. THERE IS OVERWHELMING EVIDENCE FROM FOSSILS AND MANY OTHER SOURCES THAT LIVING SPECIES EVOLVED FROM ORGANISMS THAT ARE EXTINCT

WE NOW KNOW THAT NATURAL SELECTION CAUSES THE FREQUENCY OF CERTAIN ALLELES IN A POPULATION TO INCREASE OR DECREASE OVER TIME WE NOW KNOW THAT NATURAL SELECTION CAUSES THE FREQUENCY OF CERTAIN ALLELES IN A POPULATION TO INCREASE OR DECREASE OVER TIME

SAME SPECIES IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS EVOLVE IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS SAME SPECIES IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS EVOLVE IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IS THE CONDITION IN WHICH TWO POPULATIONS OF THE SAME SPECIES DO NOT BREED WITH ONE ANOTHER BECAUSE OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IS THE CONDITION IN WHICH TWO POPULATIONS OF THE SAME SPECIES DO NOT BREED WITH ONE ANOTHER BECAUSE OF 1. GEOGRAPHIC SEPARATION 2. DIFFERENCE IN MATING PERIODS 3. OTHER BARRIERS TO REPRODUCTION

THE TEMPO OF EVOLUTION THERE ARE TWO MODELS 1. GRADUALISM IS A GRADUAL CHANGE OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME THAT LEADS TO SPECIES FORMATION 2. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM IS PERIODS OF RAPID CHANGES DUE TO MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES FOLLOWED BY PERIODS OF LITTLE OR NO CHANGE

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION THERE ARE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFORMATION THAT SCIENTISTS HAVE FOUND THAT PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION THERE ARE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFORMATION THAT SCIENTISTS HAVE FOUND THAT PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

FOSSIL RECORD SHOWS A PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT FROM EARLY ANCESTORS TO MODERN DESCENDANTS SHOWS A PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT FROM EARLY ANCESTORS TO MODERN DESCENDANTS OFFERS THE MOST DIRECT EVIDENCE THAT EVOLUTION TAKES PLACE OFFERS THE MOST DIRECT EVIDENCE THAT EVOLUTION TAKES PLACE

SCIENTISTS AGREE WITH DARWIN ON THREE MAJOR POINTS 1. EARTH IS ABOUT 4.5 BILLION YEARS OLD 2. ORGANISMS INHABITED EARTH FOR MOST OF ITS HISTORY 3. ALL ORGANISMS LIVING TODAY SHARE COMMON ANCESTRY WITH EARLIER SIMPLE LIFE FORMS

ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENTISTS LOOK FOR: 1. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES - STRUCTURES THAT SHARE A COMMON ANCESTRY 2. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES – STRUCTURES THAT ARE REDUCED IN SIZE OR HAVE A LESS IMPORTANT FUNCTION THAN OTHER RELATED ORGANISMS

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY IS SEEN IN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT ALL VERTEBRATES HAVE A TAIL, LIMB BUDS AND PHARYNGEAL POUCHES ALL VERTEBRATES HAVE A TAIL, LIMB BUDS AND PHARYNGEAL POUCHES THEY ARE ALL LOST IN HUMANS THEY ARE ALL LOST IN HUMANS PHARYNGEAL POUCHES ARE ONLY RETAINED IN FISH PHARYNGEAL POUCHES ARE ONLY RETAINED IN FISH POUCHES DEVELOP INTO THROAT STRUCTURES IN AMPHIBIANS POUCHES DEVELOP INTO THROAT STRUCTURES IN AMPHIBIANS

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AS A SPECIES EVOLVES, THE CHANGE BECOMES PART OF THE GENETIC INSTRUCTION AS A SPECIES EVOLVES, THE CHANGE BECOMES PART OF THE GENETIC INSTRUCTION CHANGE IN A GENE’S NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE SHOULD BUILD UP OVER TIME CHANGE IN A GENE’S NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE SHOULD BUILD UP OVER TIME

PROTEINS – SPECIES DESCENDED FROM A RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR (HUMAN & GORILLA) SHOULD HAVE FEWER AMINO ACID DIFFERENCES THAN DO SPECIES WHO ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE SHARED A COMMON ANCESTOR IN THE MORE DISTANT PAST (HUMAN & MOUSE) PROTEINS – SPECIES DESCENDED FROM A RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR (HUMAN & GORILLA) SHOULD HAVE FEWER AMINO ACID DIFFERENCES THAN DO SPECIES WHO ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE SHARED A COMMON ANCESTOR IN THE MORE DISTANT PAST (HUMAN & MOUSE)

DNA SEQUENCES – MORE ACCURATE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES ARE BASED ON A LARGE NUMBER OF GENE SEQUENCES DNA SEQUENCES – MORE ACCURATE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES ARE BASED ON A LARGE NUMBER OF GENE SEQUENCES THESE HISTORIES ARE VERY SIMILAR TO THOSE BASED ON COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND FOSSIL RECORD THESE HISTORIES ARE VERY SIMILAR TO THOSE BASED ON COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND FOSSIL RECORD

EXAMPLES OF EVOLUTION ENVIRONMENT DICTATES THE DIRECTION AND AMOUNT OF CHANGE ENVIRONMENT DICTATES THE DIRECTION AND AMOUNT OF CHANGE NATURAL SELECTION IS DRIVEN BY FOUR DIFFERENT POINTS NATURAL SELECTION IS DRIVEN BY FOUR DIFFERENT POINTS 1. ALL POPULATIONS HAVE GENETIC VARIATION

2. THE ENVIRONMENT PRESENTS CHALLENGES TO SUCCESSFUL REPRODUCTION 3. INDIVIDUALS TEND TO PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRNG THAN THE ENVIRONMENT CAN SUPPORT

4. INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE BETTER ABLE TO COPE WITH THE CHALLENGES PRESENTED BY THEIR ENVIRONMENT TEND TO LEAVE MORE OFFSPRING THAN THOSE INDIVIDUALS LESS SUITED TO THE ENVIRONMENT DO

EXAMPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ANTIBIOTICS CAUSE NORMAL BACTERIA TO DIE BUT A MUTANT BACTERIA RESISTANT TO THE ANTIBIOTIC SURVIVES AND REPRODUCES

DARWIN’S FINCHES DARWIN IDENTIFIED 9 SPECIES OF FINCHES THAT WERE SIMILAR EXCEPT FOR THEIR BEAKS DARWIN IDENTIFIED 9 SPECIES OF FINCHES THAT WERE SIMILAR EXCEPT FOR THEIR BEAKS EACH FED ON SOMETHING DIFFERENT EACH FED ON SOMETHING DIFFERENT DARWIN SUGGESTED THAT ALL EVOLVED FROM THE SAME SPECIES DARWIN SUGGESTED THAT ALL EVOLVED FROM THE SAME SPECIES

THE NUMBERS WITH DIFFERENT BEAK SHAPES CHANGED BY NATURAL SELECTION IN RESPONSE TO THE AVAILABLE FOOD SUPPLY THE NUMBERS WITH DIFFERENT BEAK SHAPES CHANGED BY NATURAL SELECTION IN RESPONSE TO THE AVAILABLE FOOD SUPPLY

IN DRY YEARS, BEAK SIZES WERE LARGER AS SEEDS ARE LARGER AND TOUGHER IN DRY YEARS, BEAK SIZES WERE LARGER AS SEEDS ARE LARGER AND TOUGHER IN WET YEARS, BEAKS WERE SMALLER BECAUSE OF THE AVAILABILITY OF SMALLER MORE TENDER SEEDS IN WET YEARS, BEAKS WERE SMALLER BECAUSE OF THE AVAILABILITY OF SMALLER MORE TENDER SEEDS

FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES SPECIES FORMATION OCCURS IN STAGES SPECIES FORMATION OCCURS IN STAGES THE ACCUMULATION OF DIFFERENCES IN GROUPS IS CALLED DIVERGENCE THE ACCUMULATION OF DIFFERENCES IN GROUPS IS CALLED DIVERGENCE DIVERGENCE LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES DIVERGENCE LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES NEW SPECIES FORMATION IS CALLED SPECIATION NEW SPECIES FORMATION IS CALLED SPECIATION

OVERTIME, POPULATIONS OF THE SAME SPECIES MAY CHANGE IF THEY ARE IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS OVERTIME, POPULATIONS OF THE SAME SPECIES MAY CHANGE IF THEY ARE IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS THESE DIFFERENT POPULATIONS ARE CALLED SUBSPECIES THESE DIFFERENT POPULATIONS ARE CALLED SUBSPECIES REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION KEEPS NEWLY FORMING SPECIES FROM BREEDING WITH ONE ANOTHER REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION KEEPS NEWLY FORMING SPECIES FROM BREEDING WITH ONE ANOTHER