Concept:

 LEQ: When temperature changes, how are the 4 states of matter affected?

 Vocabulary  Write word and definition. Underline and highlight vocabulary word.  Write word on front and definition on back of index cards.  Create a poem or rap of vocabulary words and definitions.  Create foldable with words and definitions.  Create a crossword puzzle using words and definitions. Also make answer key!!!  Kelvin  Celsius  Fahrenheit  Boyles Law  Charles’ Law  Bernoulli’s Principle  Archimedes Principle  Pascal’s Principle  Fluid  Freezing point  Boiling point  Melting point  Phase diagram  Law of conservation of energy/mass

 Bell Work  Write question and answer.  Explain the difference between evaporation and vaporization.  Evaporation is liquid leaving the surface without reaching boiling point. Vaporization is liquid becoming vapor due to boiling.

 Energy is required to change the states of matter!

 Phase Changes of Matter  Sublimation (dry ice, iodine)  Melting (heat of fusion)  Vaporization (“boiling” heat of vaporization)  Condensation (dew)  Solidification (freezing, crystallization)  Deposition (fire extinguisher)

GAS  Matter exists in gaseous state at room temp VAPOR  Matter is in gaseous state; but, normally in liquid state at room temp

 Avg KE doesn’t change at plateau, this is potential energy where atoms/molecules are rearranging  Lower plateaus should be shorter because it takes less energy to change state  Slopes – kinetic energy

 What is equilibrium?  2 opposing changes occur at equal rates in a closed system.  Occurs at plateaus

 Boiling point  Temp at which vaporized pressure = atmospheric pressure  Freezing point  Temp at which solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atmospheric pressure

Bell Work 09/21/2012 Write Question and Answer Explain the relationship between heat of fusion of a solid and the attraction between the particles. The greater the attraction between the molecules results in greater amount of energy needed to overcome the attraction -or- higher heat of fusion

Write the following definitions in vocabulary section. Kelvin (K)-SI unit for temperature. Based on motion of particles in matter when all motion stops the temp is 0 K Celsius- a temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (o °C) Fahrenheit-water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212° F at 1 atm pressure

 Bell Work 09/25/2012  Write question and answer  Explain how large ships or objects of great mass are able to float.

 Buoyancy-ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object that is immersed in it

 1. float if weight is less than the buoyant force from the fluid  2. sink if its weight is more than the buoyant force from the fluid  3. float if its density is less than the density of the fluid it is placed in. If the density is more, you must increase its volume (w/o changing is mass) to decrease its overall density

 4. Archimedes’ principle – buoyant force on object is = to weight of fluid displaced by the object  What does this mean?  The mass of water displaced by the object is equal to the object’s mass.

 Pascal’s principle: Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid  Example: squeezing a toothpaste tube  Pressure is force exerted/unit area (P= F/A)  Force = Newtons Area = m ² P = Pascal or kilopascal (kPa)

 F ₁ /A ₁ = F ₂ /A ₂  Pressure and force are directly proportional. If force doubles, pressure doubles. Pressure and area are inversely proportional. If area doubles, pressure is cut in ½.  Hydraulic machines use this principle to lift heavy loads (this is because more force is available to lift a heavy load by increasing the surface area)

 A heavy crate applied a force of 1500 N on a 25 m ² piston. What force needs to be exerted on the 0.80 m² piston to lift the crate?

 Get out notes from yesterday so we can go over this problem.  To lift an object weighing 20,000 N, how much force is needed on a small piston with an area of m ² if the large piston has an area of 2.8 m²?

 Bell work 09/27/2012  Write question and answer  Explain how a plane is capable of staying in the air.

 Bernoulli’s principle- as fluid’s velocity increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases; airplanes use this principle to fly  So, as fluid is moving faster the pressure goes down. Where the fluid is moving fastest will become an area of low pressure. Where the fluid is moving the slowest becomes an area of high pressure. This creates an upward suction.

 Viscosity – a fluid’s resistance to flow  1. determined by molecular structure  2. increased temperature will lower viscosity  Low viscosity – thin  High viscosity - thick

 Pressure  ***Is measured in units called pascal (Pa) or kilopascal (kPa)  1. Collisions of particles in air result in atmospheric pressure. As you get farther from earth’s surface, pressure decreases.  2. Moving particles colliding with the inside walls of a container result in gas pressure and push the walls of the container outward

 Particle of liquid cannot escape due to air pressure pushing down on surface of liquid  When liquid particles gain enough KE (from heat) to break through the surface, the liquid boils. This can also occur by decreasing the amount of pressure.

 Phase Diagram  A graph of the relationship b/t the physical state of a substance and the temperature and pressure of the substance

Bell Work 09/28/2012 Write Question and Answer. Some high-altitude balloons are only partially filled when they are released from the ground. Using Boyle’s law, explain in complete sentences why the balloons are only partially filled. Assume the air temperature remains constant.

At higher altitude, there is less pressure. According to Boyle’s Law, the volume of the gas will increase and the balloon fills up completely.

 Gas Laws:*****NOTE***** The Celsius scale will not work in any gas law! Must use the Kelvin scale for temperature.

 Boyle’s Law-relationship b/t P and V  Inversely proportional (P ₁ V ₁ = P ₂ V ₂ )  Temperature is kept constant  Volume decreases as pressure increases ▪ As you decrease the size of the container (volume), but leave the number of particles and temperature the same, pressure will increase  Pressure decreases as volume increases ▪ As you increase the size of the container (volume), and leave the number of particles and temperature the same, pressure will decrease because the particles hit the container less often ▪

 Boyle’s Law Problem  A gas occupies a volume of 5.72 L at a pressure of 0.57 atm. Calculate the new volume of the gas when the pressure is increased to 4.23 atm while temperature remains constant.

 Boyle’s Law Problem  A gas occupies a volume of 5.72 L at a pressure of 0.57 atm. Calculate the new volume of the gas when the pressure is increased to 4.23 atm while temperature remains constant L

10/01/2012 Bell Work. Write Question and Answer. What will happen to the size of a balloon when it is placed in a freezer? Explain why this would happen.

The balloon would shrink because as temperature decreases, volume also decreases.

 Charles’s Law-relates V and T (directly proportional)  V ₁ /T ₁ = V ₂ /T ₂  Pressure remains constant  At constant pressure, volume increases as temperature increases ▪ As temperature increases, particle move farther apart making the fluid less dense.  At constant pressure volume decreases as temperature decreases  12/airplane/glussac.html 12/airplane/glussac.html

 Charles’s Law Problem  A gas at K with a volume of 6.37 cc is heated to K while pressure is kept constant. What is the new volume of the gas?

 Charles’s Law Problem  A gas at K with a volume of 6.37 cc is heated to K while pressure is kept constant. What is the new volume of the gas?  Identify variables  Determine formula  Plug in variables and solve  24.4 cc

 Gay-Lussac’s Law  Pressure-Temperature Relationship is directly proportional  Enclosed container of gas  if you heat particles they will hit the wall more often. If the container cannot increase its volume (expand), then pressure increases to a point that it cannot hold and explodes.  P ₁ / T ₁ = P ₂ / T ₂  At constant volume, increase in temperature results in increase in pressure.

 Gay-Lussac’s Law Problem  A gas at -173 ° C with a pressure of 3.81 atm, is heated to 127 ° C while the volume is kept constant. What is the new pressure of the gas?

 Gay-Lussac’s Law Problem  A gas at -173 C with a pressure of 3.81 atm, is heated to 127 C while the volume is kept constant. What is the new pressure of the gas?  Convert Temperature to Kelvin  Identify variables  Determine formula  Plug in variables and solve  atm

Which Gas law do I use? In each gas law, one variable is constant and therefore does not show up in the formula. That will tell you which gas law to use. If temperature is constant, use Boyle’s law: P ₁ V ₁ = P ₂ V ₂ If pressure is constant, use Charles’ law: V ₁ / T ₁ = V ₂ / T ₂ If volume is constant, use Gay-Lussac’s Law: P ₁ / T ₁ = P ₂ / T ₂

 Write Questions and Answers to following problems.  Pg. 495 #’s 1-4, 6-7  Pg #’s 1-4, 6, 9-11, 13-15, 17-19,  Be ready for a quiz tomorrow over this lesson essential question.