The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain during the 1780’s.

 25% of people lived in towns & cities in the 1700s.  People used common lands jointly before 1600s.  After 1600s people began fencing off land called the Enclosure Movement.  Results  1) Large landowners forced small owners to become tenant farmers or move to the city.  2). Farmers could experiment with new methods of farming.

 Jethero Tull : 1700s, Seed Drill ; Horse drawn cultivator ( remove weeds & break up soil)  Viscount Charles Townshend : Alternated different crops to preserve soil called Crop Rotation.  Robert Ransome: Invented an iron plow in 3 parts.

 1 st : Agricultural practices in the 18 th century had changed.  1). Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved transportation, & new crops, such as the potato, led to a dramatic increase in the food supply.

 2 nd : With more abundant food supplies, the population grew.  1). Population increase created a large labor force to work in the new factories.  3 rd : Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital.  1). Capital was used for investing in the new industrial machines & the factories needed to house them.

 4 th : Natural Resources were plentiful in Great Britain.  1). Rivers provided water power & a means for transporting raw materials and finished products from one place to another.  5 th : Supply of markets gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for their goods.

 Great Britain surged ahead of everybody in the production of cotton goods during the 18 th century.  It was a 2 Step Process in the manufacturing of cotton cloth.  1). Make the cotton thread from raw cotton.  2). Weavers wove the thread into cloth.

 Cottage Industry: Task were done by individuals in rural homes.  Cotton was the 1 st textile industry to undergo mechanization.  1). Why? Domestic system could not meet the demand for the use of cotton.

 1764, James Hargreaves invented a spinning machine called the Spinning Jenny.  1787, Edmund Cartwright invented the water frame, a spinning driven by waterpower.  The cotton industry became more productive when the steam engine was improved in the 1760s.  Steam power could now be used to spin & weave cotton.

 Steam Engine was crucial to Great Britain’s Industrial Revolution.  Thomas Newcomen: (1712) English engineer produced the 1 st successful steam engine.  James Watt: (1769) Produced the modern steam engine.  Henry Cort: (1780s) Developed a process called Puddling.  Puddling: Coke, which was derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in crude iron, called pigiron, & produce an iron of high quality.

 1804: The 1 st steam powered locomotive ran on an industrial rail line in Great Britain.  George Stephenson: (1814) Perfected a steam- propelled moving engine, or locomotive, that ran on rails.  1). 1829: Stephenson’s locomotive, The Rocket, ran 29 mph.  Robert Fulton: Adapted the steam engine to ships, his boat the Clermont was launched on the Hudson River in  Great Western: (1838) A ship operated only by steam, crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 15 days.

 Samuel Cunard: Founded the Cunard Line shipping company, provided regular steamboat services across the Atlantic Ocean.  Factory System: was organized method of production that brought workers & machines together under the control of managers.  Richard Arkwright: (1784) was the 1 st to bring workers & machines together in one place to make goods in his spinning mill.

 What was the advantages of the Factory System?

 The Factory Act of 1819: Prohibited the employment of children under 9 years of age in cotton mills.  1833: These laws were applied to all factories.  1). Children between 9 & 13 could work 9 hours and could work 12 hours per day.  1842: Another law prohibited the employment in mines of all women, girls, & boys under 10.  Ten Hour Act: (1847) Established a 10 hour workday for women & children under the age of 18 in textile factories.

 Great Britain became the world’s richest industrial nation by the mid 19 th century.  The key to population growth were decline in death rates, wars, disease.  People who built factories, bought machines, & figure out where the markets were became the new Industrial Middle Class.

 Capitalism: Economic system in which private individuals use money that is earned, saved, or invested to produce profits.  Industrial Capitalism: Economic system based industrial production.  Socialism: Is a system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns & controls some means of production such as factories and utilities.

 ( ) A British cotton manufacturer, was one utopian socialist.  Age 19 own his on mill in New Lanark, Scotland.  Built cooperative community in New Harmony, Indiana.  Belief: Humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment.