The Henrician Reformation Henry VIII: Defender of the Faith Traditional Catholic Wolsey & More The “Great Matter” & the Succession Katherine of Aragon & Anne Boleyn The Break from Rome The Reformation Parliament Financial, Judicial, Symbolic Dissolution of the Monasteries First & Second Steps; Consequences Royal Vacillations and Court Reform and Conservative Factions The 1540s & English Reformations www.bl.uk/henry & www.folger.edu Henry VIII, after Hans Holbein

Henry VIII: Defender of the Faith Traditional Christian Monarch Fidei Defensor: Opposing Luther, 1521 Assertio Septem Sacramentorum Cardinal Wolsey Lord Chancellor, 1515 Personification of Reformers’ Ire “Wolf-see” Thomas More Speaker, House of Commons, 1523 Lord Chancellor, 1529 Catholic Defender Responsio ad Lutherum, 1523 Dialogue Concerning Heresies, 1529 Wolsey, 1526, in Christ Church, Oxford

The Great Matter & the Royal Succession First Marriage Katherine of Aragon, ‘09- Spanish; Catholic; Pious One Daughter, Mary Wandering Eyes Henry’s Mistresses “Bessie” Blount – Henry Fitzroy Mary Boleyn Enter Anne, 1528-9 French Experience; Eyes Attendant of Katherine Leviticus 20:21 (“an unclean thing”) Deuteronomy 25:5 (“go in unto”) Wolsey’s Predicament Papal Politics; Clement VII’s Bind Unsuccessful; Fall in 1529 A Love Letter from Henry to Anne Boleyn

Old Testament Arguments Leviticus 20:21 And if a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother’s nakedness; they shall be childless. Deuteronomy 25:5 If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband’s brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husband’s brother unto her.

Break from Rome & Shift to Reform, 1529-1536 The Reformation Parliament, ‘29-’36 Same Time as Boleyn’s Rise Anticlerical from the Start Commons Supplication against the Ordinaries, 1531; Submission of the Clergy The Break from Rome Financial: Restricting Payment of Annates, 1532 Judicial: Restricting Appeals to Rome, 1533 NB: H8 Weds Boleyn Jan. 25, ‘33 Ecclesiastical: Act of Dispensations, 1534 Symbolic: Act of Supremacy, 1534 Henry’s Royal Reformers Thomas Cranmer, Abp. Cant, ’33 Thomas Cromwell, Secretary, ‘34 Sir Thomas More, 1527, Holbein

Dissolution of the Monasteries, 1536-40 First Steps Wolsey’s Precedent – Cardinal College Cromwell’s Initiatives (Royal & Religious) Valor Ecclesiasticus, 1535 1536: Less than £200 Yearly Income Second Steps 1539: All Remaining Larger Houses Court of Augmentations Consequences Material and Landed Wealth of Crown Sale of Lands to Nobility, Gentry Abbots out of the House of Lords Education, Charity, Hospitality Suffered Whitby Abbey, Dissolved 1539

Royal Vacillations and Court Cranmer, Cromwell, & the 1530s Connections with Germany League of Schmalkalden Ten Articles, ‘36; Thirteen Articles, ‘38 English Bible Authorized, ‘37 & ‘39 Boleyns to ‘36; Seymours from ‘36 The Conservative Turn Six Articles, ’39 (Transubstantiation) Failed Marriage to Anne of Cleves, ’40 New Marriage to Catherine Howard, ’40 Stephen Gardiner & Thos. Howard, Dk. Norfolk July 30, 1540: 6 Executed 3 Lutherans, Heresy; 3 Catholics, Treason Common Theme: Royal Supremacy The Great Bible (Cromwell’s Copy?) St. John’s, Cambridge, Bb.8.30

The 1540s & English Reformations Court Faction & Religio-political Caution Howards & Seymours Catherine Parr, m. 1543 Thomas Cranmer, Abp. Cant Contact with Lutherans ebbs and flows Restriction of Bible Reading, ’43 Competing Reformations Henry’s Supremacy in England Political, Religious, Economic “Catholicism without the Pope” Protestant Desires Anticlerical, Theological, Economic “Reformed” Religion Across Europe Contacts with German & Swiss Common Theme: Royal Supremacy Thomas Cranmer, 1545; by Gerlach Flicke; NPG