Hydrologic Setup of the DSHVM for Rainy Creek Colleen O. Doten August 18, 2004

Outline Digital Elevation Map Soil Types Vegetation Types Soil Depth Streams Roads Meteorological Forcings Hydrology Results

Digital Elevation Model 30-m resolution 49,085 grid cells Elevation range 630 to 2150 m Processed to fill sinks in four directions and ensure flat areas drained

Rainy Creek Soils Loamy sand Sandy Loam Fine Sandy Loam Loam Organic Bedrock Water Fragmented Rock Soil Types Provided by USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station and Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory

Rainy Creek Vegetation COLD_int1,3 COOL_int1,2,3 DRY_int1,2,3 DRY_ofms2,3 Forest_si1,2,3 MOIST_int1,2,3 Grassland Shrubland Water Rock Barren Provided by USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station and Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory Vegetation Types Impervious fraction: 0.0 RPC (W/m2): 10 Mass release drip ratio: 0.4 Snow interception efficiency: 0.6 Vapor pressure deficit (Pa): 4000 OS Moisture threshold: 0.33 US Moisture threshold: 0.13 OS monthly albedo: 0.2 US monthly albedo: 0.2

Rainy Creek Vegetation Provided by USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station and Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory

Rainy Creek Soil Depth Range: 0.1 to 2.0 m Average Depth:1.54 m Provided by USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station and Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory Depth, m

Streams Processing Steps Created network based on 4 ha support area createstreamnetwork.aml creates –stream.network.dat –stream.map.dat Created stream.class.dat resel slope lt.002 and segorder ge 50 and segorder lt 100 calc chanclass = 3 calc hyddepth = 1.5 calc hydwidth = 3.0

Class ID Total Length, m % of Total Length Width, m Depth, m n , , , Stream Statistics

More on Stream Processing Some segments were not in the valley bottom (based on flow accumulation from the DEM) Short segments

Roads Processing Steps I Cleaned up File –Assigned class to segment without a class –Removed segments outside the basin –Removed segments that overlapped –Removed duplicate segments –Removed extra nodes not associated with changes in class ID

Roads Processing Steps II Ran createroadbreak.aml –Breaks road network at sinks and divides createroadnetwork.aml creates –road.network.dat –road.map.dat Ran fixroads –Assign culverts at stream crossings and low points in the network Created road.class.dat

Rainy Creek Roads Density: 1.05 km/km 2 Road Surface Area: 0.23 km 2 No. Culverts: 284 Culvert locations: stream crossings (91) road low points (193) Road Segments: 332

Class ID DescriptionRoad Width, m Crown Type Ditch Width, m Ditch Depth, m 106Road, Unimproved, Class Outsloped Road, Light- Duty, Dirt, Class 3C 4.572Insloped Road, Light- Duty, Gravel, Class 3B 5.486Crowned Road Classes

Class ID Total Length, m % of Total Length Total Area, m 2 % of Total Area 1064, , , , , , Road Statistics

Met Forcings Precipitation, temperature, and windspeed were taken from the nearest 1/8 degree grid cell (latitude , longitude , elevation m) in the continental dataset of Maurer et al. (2002). Precipitation and temperature in this dataset were interpolated from station observations, and daily windspeed was obtained from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (Kalnay et al., 1996).

Met Forcings Relative humidity, shortwave radiation and longwave radiation were derived from precipitation and temperature as described by Maurer et al. (2002). Time series was then adjusted to each of the DHSVM grid cells by : –lapsing temperature at C/m –precipitation at m/m ######################################################## # METEOROLOGY SECTION ######################################################## [METEOROLOGY]# Meteorological stations Number of Stations= 1# Number of meteorological stations Station Name 1= VIC_84480# Name for station 1 North Coordinate 1= # North coordinate of station 1 East Coordinate 1= # East coordinate of station 1 Elevation 1= # Elevation of station 1 in m

Hydrology Results I - Streamflow

Hydrology Results I - SWE

Hydrology Results II

Hydrology Results Monthly Stream Flow

References Bowling, L.C. and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2001: The effects of forest roads and harvest on catchment hydrology in a mountainous maritime environment, In: Wigmosta, M.S. and S.J. Burges, (eds), Land Use and Watersheds: Human Influence on Hydrology and Geomorphology in Urban and Forest Areas, AGU Water Science and Application Volume 2, p Bowling, L.C., and D.P. Lettenmaier, 1997: Evaluation of the effects of forest roads on streamflow in Hard and Ware Creeks, Washington, Water Resources Series Technical Report No. 155, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington. Daly, C., G.H. Taylor, and W.P. Gibson, 1997: The PRISM approach to mapping precipitation and temperature, In reprints: 10th Conf. on Applied Climatology, Reno, NV, American Meteorological Society, Daly, C., R.P. Neilson, and D.L. Phillips, 1994: A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 33, Kalnay, E. and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, LaMarche, J., and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2001: Effects of Forest Roads on Flood Flows in the Deschutes Basin, Washington, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 26, Maurer, E.P., A.W. Wood, J.C. Adam, D.P. Lettenmaier, and B. Nijssen, 2002: A long-term hydrologically-based data set of land surface fluxes and states for the conterminous United States, Journal of Climate, 15, Montgomery, D.R., K. Sullivan, and H.M. Greenberg, 1998: Regional test of a model for shallow landsliding, Hydrol. Process., 12, Schmidt, K.M., J.J. Roering, J.J. Stock, W.E. Dietrich, D.R. Montgomery, and T. Schaub, 2001: Root cohesion variability and shallow landslide susceptibility in the Oregon Coast Range, Can. Geotech, J., 38, Storck P., and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2000: Trees, snow and flooding: An investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest, Water Resources Series Technical Report No. 161, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington. Storck, P., L. Bowling, P. Wetherbee and D. Lettenmaier, 1998: Application of a GIS-based distributed hydrology model for prediction of forest harvest effects on peak stream flow in the Pacific Northwest, Hydro. Process., 12, Tarboton D.G., R.L. Bras, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, 1991: On the Extraction of Channel Networks from Digital Elevation Data, Hydrol. Process., 5, Wigmosta, M.S. and W.A. Perkins, 2001: Simulating the effects of forest roads on watershed hydrology, In: Land Use and Watersheds: Human Influence on Hydrology and Geomorphology in Urban and Forest Areas, M.S. Wigmosta and S.J. Burgess (eds), AGU Water Science and Application, V.2, p

Model Constants ###################################################################### # CONSTANTS SECTION ###################################################################### [CONSTANTS] # Model constants Ground Roughness = 0.02 # Roughness of soil surface (m) Snow Roughness = 0.01 # Roughness of snow surface (m) Rain Threshold = 0. # Minimum temperature at which rain # occurs (C) minor decrease in snow from 0 Snow Threshold = 0.5 # Maximum temperature at which snow occurs (C) Snow Water Capacity = 0.03 # Snow liquid water holding capacity (fraction) Reference Height = 43.0 # Reference height (m) Rain LAI Multiplier = # LAI Multiplier for rain interception Min Intercepted Snow = # Intercepted snow that can only be melted (m)

Run Time Statistics Hydrology, fast computer (2133 mHz) –Rainy Creek 49,085 active pixels ~0.6 hour/yr (w/o roads) –Little Wenatchee 291,169 active pixels ~3.75 hours/year (w/o roads) Sediment module, fast computer (2133 mHz) –Rainy Creek ~3.75 hours/year w/o roads ~4 hours/year w/ roads –Little Wenatchee (w/o roads)