earthobservatory.nasa.gov Building Resilience of Social-Ecological Systems Through Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) Image :

Fact : There were some 7.06 billion people in the world by the end of 2012 (US Census Bureau 2013). Sumber : Carpenter et al.(2009)

Model Interaksi Antara Sistem Sistem Sosial dan Eksosistem (Rambo, 1983)

Gambar Pergesaran dari objek menjadi relasi (Capra, 1996)

“a measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between populations or state variables” (Holling, 1973, p. 14) Resilience as... Sumber : Folke(2006)

Stability landscapes and attributes of resilience (From Walker et al., 2004) A) Three-dimensional stability landscape with two basins of attraction showing, in one basin, the current position of the system and three aspects of resilience, L = latitude, R = resistance, Pr = precariousness. B) Changes in the stability landscape have resulted in a contraction of the basin the system was in and an expansion of the alternate basin. Without itself changing, the system has changed basins. A B

LOSS OF RESILIENCE – REGIME SHIFT Under this definition, the system is understood to have multiple steady states or equilibria. Also referred to as the "ball in cup" model, a disturbance can move (or flip) the ecosystem from one steady state to another through interruption of historical ecosystem processes (i.e., feedbacks) that act to hold the system together (Holling, 1973; Gunderson, 2000; Neubert & Caswell, 1997). (deYoung, 2011)

Resilience is also about the opportunities that disturbance opens up in terms of recombination of evolved structures and processes, renewal of the system and emergence of new trajectories. In this sense, resilience provides adaptive capacity (Smit and Wandel, 2006) that allow for continuous development, like a dynamic adaptive interplay between sustaining and developing with change. This is why the concept of resilience in relation to social–ecological systems incorporates the idea of adaptation, learning and self-organization in addition to the general ability to persist disturbance. (Folke, 2006) Social–ecological resilience is interpreted as (Carpenter et al., 2001): 1.the amount of disturbance a system can absorb and still remain within the same state or domain of attraction; 2.the degree to which the system is capable of self-organization; and 3.the ability to build and increase the capacity for learning and adaptation

To fully understand the resilience theory, there are several crucial concepts: thresholds, the adaptive cycle, panarchy, adaptability, and transformability. A threshold is the level or amount of a controlling, often slowly changing variable, in which a change occurs in a critical feedback, causing the system to self-organize along a different trajectory, that is, towards a different attractor. Therefore, very much related with the notion of threshold is the concept of “regime shift”. a threshold also needs to be defined as “a breakpoint between two regimes of a system” (Walker and Meyers, 2004, p.3). Though social-ecological systems are affected by many variables, they are usually driven by only a handful of key controlling (often slow-moving) variables. Along each of these key variables are thresholds; if the system moves beyond a threshold it behaves in a different way, often with undesirable and unforeseen surprises. Once a threshold has been crossed it is usually difficult (in some cases impossible) to cross back. A system’s resilience can be measured by its distance from these thresholds. The closer it is to a threshold, the less it takes to be pushed over

Threshold

Social-ecological systems are always changing. This is known as the adaptive cycle, as it describes how an ecosystem organizes itself and how it responds to a changing world. These cycles operate over many different scales of time and space.The most systems of nature usually proceed through recurring cycles consisting of four phases The adaptive cycle ( Walker and Salt 2006)

Panarchy is the interacting set of hierarchically structured scales (of space, time, and social organization) and the interactive dynamics of a nested set of adaptive cycles. Very importantly, the processes that produce panarchy patterns are in turn reinforced by those patterns – that is, the patterns and processes are self-organizing. This is a key aspect of complex adaptive systems. What happens at one scale can influence or even drive what’s happening at other scales. Ignoring the effects of one scale on another ( crossscale effects) is one of the most common reasons for failures in natural resource management systems. The lesson is that you cannot understand or successfully manage a system by focusing on only one scale.

Panarchy, a heuristic model of nested adaptive renewal cycles empasizing cross scale interplay (Folke 2006)

Adaptability is the capacity of actors in a system to influence resilience. Therefore, it is the adaptive capacity to manage resilience in relation to alternate regimes. It involves either or both of two abilities: 1.The ability to determine the trajectory of the system state – the position within its current basin of attraction; 2.The ability to alter the shape of the basins, that is move the positions of thresholds or make the system more or less resistant to perturbation. Transformability is the capacity to create a fundamentally new system when ecological, economic, or social (including political) conditions make the existing system untenable. Transformability means defining and creating new stability landscapes by introducing new components and ways of making a living, thereby changing the state variables, and often the scale, that define the system.

Conceptual frameworks developed in relation to the resilience approach (Folke, 2006)

Traditional Ecological Knowledge define as : “people’s cumulative body of nonscientific knowledge, beliefs, and practice about local ecosystems and their management that evolves through social learning and adaptive processes, and which is supported by customary institutions and handed down through generations by cultural transmission” (Ostrom 1990; Berkes 1999; Berkes et al., 2000) Traditional Ecological Knowledge : cumulative dynamic adaptive coevolves with social-ecological systems promotes biocultural diversity sustain ecosystems biodiversity and ecosystems services enchange resilience of social-ecological systems relevan for resource management

Social-ecological practices and mechanisms in traditional knowledge and practice (Berkes et al., 2000)

Level of analysis in Traditional Ecological knowledge (TEK) (Berkes et al, 2000)

IMPLICATION FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Co-management Adaptive co-management Adaptive Management

Sasi Lompa di Negeri Haruku, salah satu desa adat di Pulau Haruku, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah, Maluku adalah panen ikan lompa (Trisina baelama; sejenis ikan sardin kecil) yang hanya sekali setahun. Sebelum panen, masa pemeliharaan ikan lompa ini dilakukan dengan upacara adat “Panas Sasi” oleh Kewang yang mengingatkan warga agar memelihara dan menjaga lingkungan sekitar sungai Learisa Kayeli, sejauh kurang lebih 1500 meter yang menjadi tempat hidup dan habitat ikan. Warga dilarang mengganggu atau menangkap ikan lompa saat berada dalam kawasan lokasi sasi yang ditandai dengan tonggak khusus (Teks & Foto : Embong Salampessy -

Pekarangan (International Potato Centre, 1985)

Kebun-Talun (de Foresta et al 2000)

REFERENCE Folke, C Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social– ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change 16, pp.253– 267 Holling, C.S Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4,pp.1-23 Pisanao, U Resilience and Sustainable Development: Theory of resilience, systems thinking and adaptive governance. ESDN Quarterly Report N°26 Resilience Alliance Assessing resilience in social-ecological systems. Workbook for practitioners. Version 2.0 Walker, B A Resilience Approach to Integrated Assessment. The Integrated Assessment Journal, Vol. 5, Iss. 1 (2005), Pp. 77–97