3.1 Early Civilizations of India & Pakistan
Indian Subcontinent What is a subcontinent? –Large landmass that extends outward from a continent Contains three of the world’s most populous countries –India, Pakistan, & Bangladesh
Three Major Zones Gangetic Plain –South of the Himalayas –Fertile region (Indus, Ganges, & Brahmaputra Rivers)
Three Major Zones Deccan Plateau –What is a plateau? Raised area of land –Extends into the Indian Ocean –Arid, agriculturally unproductive, and sparsely populated
Three Major Zones Coastal Plains –Eastern & Western Ghats –Rivers & rain allow for farms –Sea for fishing & trade Pg. 69
Monsoons Seasonal wind that regularly blows from a certain direction for part of the year October –Blows from northeast –Hot, dry air June –Blows from southwest –Picks up moisture over Indian Ocean & brings downpours
Monsoons Pros –Water crops Cons –If late, famine & starvation –If too heavy, deadly floods
Indus Civilization 2600 B.C. Lasted for 700 years No known kings, Queens, tax records, literature, or famous victories Rivaled Sumer
Indus Civilization 1920 discovery of two cities –Harappa –Mohenjo-Daro
Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Known for well laid out plumbing & drainage system, including indoor toilets
Indus Civilization Farmers –Wheat, barley, melons, & dates Weaved cotton fibers into cloth Traded with Sumer Civilization Unique writing system –Only part has been deciphered
Religion Polytheistic –Believed in many gods Viewed animals as sacred –Buffalo & bull
Indus Valley Decline 1900 B.C. Explanations for decline: –Invaders attacked –Damage to local environment –Major flood –Earthquake
Aryan Civilization Between 2000 B.C. & 1500 B.C. Did not build cities & left behind little archeological evidence How do we know about them? –Vedas –Hymns, chants, ritual instructions, & other religious teachings –Vedas were not written down for thousands of years –1500 B.C. – 500 B.C. is known as the Vedic Age
Aryan Civilization Warriors –Fought in chariots with bows & arrows Enjoyed food, drink, music, chariot races, & dice games Valued cattle –Measured wealth in cows & bulls
Aryan Civilization Eventually settled into villages Tribes were lead by Rajahs (chiefs)
Aryan Society Divided society into ranked groups based on occupation –Brahmins (priests) –Kshatriyas (warriors) –Vaisyas (herders, farmers, artisans, & merchants) –Sudras (servants) –Dalits (Outside of caste system)
Aryan Religious Beliefs Polytheistic –Believed in many Gods Gods, goddesses, & animals Believed they could call on the gods for health, wealth & victory in war. Meditation & yoga A way to achieve direct contact with the divine
Literature Sanskrit – language priests used to write sacred texts Maintained oral tradition through the memorization of vedas & epic poems. Mahabharata –Warfare & religion Ramayana –Teaches values & behavior