A physicist, a biologist and a chemist go to the ocean for the first time........ The physicist is fascinated by the waves. He says he wants to research.

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Presentation transcript:

A physicist, a biologist and a chemist go to the ocean for the first time The physicist is fascinated by the waves. He says he wants to research the fluid dynamics of the waves and walks into the ocean never to return (he drowns).... The biologist says he wants to research the organisms in the ocean and he too walks in, never to return (he drowns too).... The chemist waits for a long time and afterwards, writes the following observation: “Physicists and biologists are soluble in ocean water”.

Chapter

What is a solution ? A homogeneous mixture that cannot be separated by filtration.

A solvent dissolves the solute. Solvents and solutes may be gases, liquids, or solids. The solute becomes dispersed in the solvent. Solute particles can be atoms, ions, or molecules.

Solvation = the process of surrounding solute particles with solvent particles

Things that increase rate of solvation (dissolving): 1. Stirring 2. Temperature 3. Particle size

Polar solvents such as water dissolve ionic compounds and polar compounds.

Which one dissolves in water? The POLAR bear!

Nonpolar solvents such as oil dissolve other nonpolar compounds.

Miscible (soluble) substances will dissolve in each other.

Immiscible (insoluble) substances will not dissolve in each other.

SOLUBILITY The amount of substance that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure. * Temperature * Pressure (Unless it’s a gas in liquid)

Concentration Percent by mass Percent by volume Molarity Molality Mole fraction The amount of solute in a solution.

Percent by mass: mass of solute X 100 mass solution

Percent by volume: volume of solute X 100 volume solution

Molarity (M): moles of solute Liter of solution

mg of solute Liter of solution ug of solute Liter of solution

Molality (m): moles of solute kg of solution

Mole fraction: moles of solute moles of solute + moles of solvent 3 star-nosed moles 9 star-nosed + Eastern moles

Colligative Properties (Physical properties of solutions that are affected by numbers of particles, not identity of particles) Vapor pressure lowering Boiling point increase Freezing point lowering

Vapor pressure lowering