What are Parenthetical Citations? Acknowledging words, facts, or ideas from another source.

Why do we need parenthetical citations? It is important to give credit to the sources you use. When you copy words and ideas that are not yours and use them without giving credit, it is called plagiarism.

How do I avoid plagiarism? You can avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense, by giving credit to your sources. People who plagiarize may receive a failing grade or even be expelled from school.

Doesn’t the “Works Cited” page give credit? Yes, the Works Cited page at the end of your paper is important in giving credit to the sources you used. However, it doesn’t give your reader information on what exactly you used from each source or exactly where you found the material.

When must you give credit? When you quote exact words If you use the exact words of an author, you need to include them in “quotation marks.”

When you summarize facts and ideas from a source: Summarizing means taking ideas from a larger passage and condensing them into your own words.

Give Credit When you paraphrase: If you use the ideas or opinions from someone else and restate them in your own words, you still need to cite the source.

When do you not have to cite a reference? If the information is well known

Citing sources when you have all the information The most common type of credit (citation) lists the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses. In 1900, the worst hurricane in the United States history hit Galveston, Texas. “A storm surge almost two stories high broke over the city, causing 20- foot (6.1 meter) floods and more than 8,000 deaths” (Skelton 4). Notice that the parenthetical citation comes before the period at the end of the sentence! If it is used for a direct quote, it will always come AFTER the quotation marks. If you already name the author in your report, just include the page number in parentheses. In Hurricane Force, Michael Miles explains that cool air draws heat and moisture from warm bodies of water to form a storm (22).

Citing sources when some of the information is missing For online sources, list the author’s name if available and a brief title of the Web page. The 2011 Atlantic hurricane season produced 20 tropical cyclones (Smith, “Hurricane Facts…”). If a source does not list the author or page number (as is the case with many Web pages), use the title. In Southeast Asia, they are called typhoons (“Big Wind”).

Brief Give only enough information to identify the source on your Works Cited page Long Web page titles can be abbreviated Example: (Smith, “World War II veterans lay wreaths, remember Battle of Bulge”)  (Smith, “World War II…”)

Always check to make sure you give credit to your sources A complete list of every source that you make reference to in your report. This provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your paper. Include a Works Cited page:

Quote Summarize Paraphrase Use parenthetical citations when you when you

Write a sentence that paraphrases the quote below, and include an appropriate parenthetical citation for it. “In an average year, 800 tornadoes are reported nationwide, resulting in 80 deaths and over 1,500 injuries.” Source: “Tornados: Nature’s Most Violent Storms.” NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service, Sep Web. 29 Feb tornadoes are reported on average every year in the United States (“Tornados: Nature’s…”).

Write a sentence that paraphrases the quote below, and include an appropriate parenthetical citation for it. Atmospheric conditions must be just right to turn a tropical wave into a hurricane — less than 5% of them ever become full-blown hurricanes. Source: Doe, John. “Severe Weather and Natural Disasters.” WeatherWatch. Scholastic, n.d. Web. 29 Feb Less than 5% of tropical waves become hurricanes (Doe, “Severe Weather…”).

Provide a parenthetical citation for each source below. Assume the author’s name is NOT mentioned in the sentence itself. Purdue, Pete. Personal interview. 1 Dec Hamilton, Laurell. Bullet. New York: Penguin Group, Print. (Paper quotes book on p. 9) Brubaker, Bill. "New Health Center Targets County's Uninsured Patients." Washington Post 24 May 2007: LZ01. Print. [LZ01 is the page number] “MLA Documentation Guide.” Library Services- Austin Community College. Library Services-ACC, n.d. Web. 29 Feb "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: Print. (Paper quotes p. 70 of article) (Purdue) (Brubaker LZ01) (Hamilton 9) (“MLA Documentation…”) ( “TV Makes…”, 70)