NEW NATION

NORTHWEST ORDINANCES 1787  Northwest Territories needed to be organized (for new states!)  Government encouraged westward expansion  Slavery was banned in these territories  Public schools were mandated

DANIEL SHAYS’ REBELLION  In , more than a thousand angry, debt-ridden, Massachusetts farmers tried to take control of a federal arsenal  The weak government could not control them  The weak government could not fix the economy  George Washington and stronger government needed!

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION  Written during the American Revolution to create a “not-so-strong” central government  No executive branch (president or king)  No power to create or collect taxes  No power to regulate commerce  No power to establish one American currency  The 13 original states had more power than the national government

President Taxation Control over States $

CONSTITUTION AND CHALLENGES!  Why did most politicians disregard the idea of amending the Articles of Confederation?  What type of government did the politicians want to create at the convention?  What was the “Great Compromise”? What two plans did it include?  What was the issue of slavery in the constitution?

ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION 1786  Convention held in Annapolis, Maryland to revise the Articles of Confederation.  Only delegates from five states participate  New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia  Delegates agree to meet the following year in Philadelphia.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 1787  Convention held in Philadelphia from May to September  Delegates from every state will participate  George Washington presides as president of the convention  Intended to revise the Articles of Confederation  Delegates decide to create a whole new form of government  James Madison will be the primary author of the US Constitution

PREAMBLE  What is the purpose of government?  Justice  Insure domestic tranquility  Provide for the common defense  Promote the general welfare  Secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity

FEDERALIST AND ANTI-FEDERALIST  Strong central Gov’t  Govt. led by educated elite  Industrial economy  Fear of “mob rule”  Checks & Balances are safe  Trade with Britain Weak Central Gov’t  Govt. led by virtuous farmers  Fear of another monarchy  Agricultural economy  Trade with France  Strong factions will take over Two Groups for and against the new federal government Major arguments for each

WHOSE WHO…DECIDE WHO IS A FEDERALIST AND WHO IS AN ANTI-FEDERALIST…

DESCRIBE THE COMPROMISES THAT WENT INTO DRAFTING THE US CONSTITUTION.

SEPARATION OF POWERS How do we make sure this new federal government isn’t too strong?  Limited Government/Dividing Power  Judicial Branch: interprets laws  Executive Branch: enforces laws  Legislative Branch: writes laws  Checks and Balances

THE GREAT COMPROMISE How can different sized states have equal representation in this new government?  Virginia Plan  Big States  Representation based on population (House of Representatives)  New Jersey Plan  Small States  Representation equal (Senate) Solution: Two house (bi-cameral) Congress

THE THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE What do we want to say about slavery in this Constitution? Do the slaves count as population?  Southern States  Wanted slaves to count towards representation  Northern States  Slaves wouldn’t count towards representation Solution: 3 out of 5 slaves count for 1 person in representation.

RATIFICATION What is ratification? the official way to confirm something, usually by vote. It is the formal validation of a proposed law. This new Constitution now needs to be approved  Federalist: James Madison & Alexander Hamilton wanted ratification. Wrote Federalist Papers.  Anti-Federalists: Scared new government would take away freedoms/rights

THE BILL OF RIGHTS  1 st ten amendments to the Constitution  Written by James Madison  The promise the BoR as the protector of these state and individual rights got the Constitution ratified by the voters

RATIFICATION

DESCRIBE A PRESIDENT  Think of characteristics of a good president. Make a list of words that you would think describe a great president.

GEORGE WASHINGTON’S PRESIDENCY Washington was elected the 1 st president of the US under the Constitution.  Washington favored non-intervention in Europe, (isolationism, neutrality)  Also got Britain to forgive debts and open trade with US  Washington created a cabinet of advisors

FIRST AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES George Washington was very afraid of political divisions weakening the new nation, but beneath him two rival factions were growing  His Secretary of Treasury ($) was Alexander Hamilton  THE (HAMILTONIAN) FEDERALISTS  His Secretary of State (diplomacy) was Thomas Jefferson, Anti-Federalist  THE (JEFFERSONIAN) REPUBLICANS Washington’s Farewell Address will warn of the dangers of political parties

Supporters: John Adams New England & Middle States Bankers & Lawyers Wealthy Landowners Merchants & Manufacturers British

Supporters: James Madison Southern States Rural Farmers Trades People Recent Immigrants French

THE WHISKEY REBELLION, 1794  Congress to passed taxes on liquor to help pay off war debts  Hurt small western Whiskey Makers. Attacked tax collectors  Washington sent a large militia force  FAILED

THE PRESIDENCY OF JOHN ADAMS John Adams (Washington’s VP) won over Jefferson  Struggled with conflicts with Britain & France  Struggled with economic downturn  Struggled criticisms from fans of Jefferson Adams tried to limit criticism with the Alien & Sedition Acts  States like Virginia & Kentucky protested for their freedoms and Adams’ presidency was ruined