CHAPTER 14 SECTION 2 & 3

 Scientists classify marine life based on where they live and how they move.  They are divided into 3 categories:  PLANKTON : tiny algae and animals that float in the water; carried by water currents.  NEKTON : free-swimming animals Ex: squid, sharks, fish, turtles, sea otters, etc  BENTHOS : organisms that live at the ocean floor Ex: crabs, starfish, urchins, lobsters, flounder

 Phytoplankton and algae are the major PRODUCERS of the food web. They use sunlight to make their own food.  Fish, crab, sea anenomes, corals, etc are the CONSUMERS. They eat the producers and other consumers.  Some benthos organisms eat decaying or dead organisms; they are called DECOMPOSERS.

Plankton

Food Web

 Organisms in this zone must be able to withstand changes in temperature, salinity, and exposure to air.  Various intertidal zones include: 1) Estuaries 2) Mangrove forests 3) Salt marshes 4) Sandy shores/rocky shores 5) Tidal pools

 Coral reefs are found in this zone in warm, tropical waters.  Nutrients wash in this zone from land and sunlight reaches throughout this zone because it is shallow.  The sunlight & nutrients encourage algae and other plant-like organisms to grow which serves as the base of the food chain.

 ATOLL – a ring shaped reef surrounding a shallow lagoon.

 Kelp forests grow in cold temperature waters on rocky ocean floors.

 3 zones in the open ocean  Surface zone – sunlight reaches throughout this zone; lots of phytoplankton and algae  Transition zone – water here is darker and colder  Deep zone – darker and even colder! Many organisms make their own light called BIOLUMINESCENCE

Blue Whale

 We depend on the ocean for both a) LIVING and b) NONLIVING resources. LIVING RESOURCES : Include fish – tuna, anchovies, mackerel, herring Also include shrimp, lobster, crab, squid, etc Most fish are caught in coastal waters in areas of upwelling. Sometimes fish can be overfished – catching more than can replaced by reproduction.

 Other living resources are used for products instead of food.  Algae is used in many household products such as shampoo and cosmetics.

 The farming of freshwater or saltwater organisms.  Environment is created for organisms to thrive; nutrient levels, temp, light and other factors are controlled.  Salmon is being raised in Nebraska!

 Includes water, fuel/oil, and minerals. Some minerals mined include: Magnesium Gravel Sand Diamonds Gold Manganese Iodine