CH. 25 New Global Patterns

SEC. 1 Japan Modernizes

Discontent in Japan Closed borders caused turmoil and unhappy people Daimyo suffered financial hardships Merchants resented being at the bottom of the social ladder Peasants suffered heavy taxes Government tried to revive old way  Unsuccessful- discontent grew

Forced to Open Ports US Matthew Perry sailed to Tokyo Bay with a letter from Millard Fillmore  It demanded Japan open ports for diplomatic and commercial exchange Japan could not defend itself against US  Treaty of Kanagawa- two Japanese ports open to Americans  US won trading rights as well as others  Europeans began to demand same rights

Meiji Restoration Revolt unseated shogun and restored Mutsuhito to power- took name Meiji “enlightened rule”  Moved capital from Kyoto to Edo and renamed it Tokyo “eastern capital” “A rich country, a strong military” New leaders studied Western ways and adapted them to Japan heritage

Meiji Transformation A Modern Government  Meiji Constitution Industrialization  Modern banking system, built railroads, improved ports, organized a telegraph and postal system  Government built factories then sold them to wealthy families Changes to society  Ended legal distinctions between classes, but still existed  Women gained limited rights and some education

Meiji Transformation Success Modernized quickly under Meiji  Strong sense of identity  economic growth during Tokugawa times  experience in learning and adapting ideas from foreign nations Determined to resist foreign rule- 1890s strong enough to force Western powers to revise unequal treaties

Growing Military Strength New focus on Korea- competition with Russia and China 1876 Japan forced Korea to open ports to Japanese trade- started a trend of unequal treaties 1894 First Sino-Japanese War  Surprisingly Japan won easily  Gained treaty ports in China and control of Taiwan

1904 Russo-Japanese War  Japanese defeated Russian troops in Manchuria  1 st time in modern history Asian power humbled a European nation 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth  Japan gained control of Korea as well as rights in parts of Manchuria Japan made Korea a protectorate then annexed it fully  March First Movement- unsuccessful, but became an rallying symbol for Korean Nationalists

SEC. 2 Imperialism in southeast Asia and the Pacific

Europeans Colonize SE Asia Early 1600s Dutch East India Company  Established on Spice Islands and moved to dominate rest of SE Asia  Profitable crops- coffee, indigo, and spices Early 1800s British clashed with Burans (present day Myanmar)  British defeated Burans and expanded to Malaya with Singapore port

French Indochina seized  1500s Portuguese traders set up a trade center in today Vietnam  Missionaries followed leading to a threatened government  Vietnamese retaliated  1860s France had seized part of Southern Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia  Known as French Indochina

Siam escaped imperialism  Mongkut did not underestimate Western power  Negotiated with Western powers in unequal treaties but escaped becoming a Euro colony

US in the Philippines 1500s Spain seized Philippines- spread Catholicism which led to angry Filipinos 1898 Spanish-American War over Cuba’s attempt to win independence from Spain  Americans defeated Spanish fleet and encouraged Filipino rebels to declare independence  In the treaty US paid Spain $20 million for control of Philippines  Filipinos revolted, but US crushed rebellion but did promise gradual transition to self-rule

Effects of Imperialism (Pg. 794) Cultural Political Economic

SEC. 4 Economic Imperialism in Latin America

Political Problems Dependence on developed countries Feuds among leaders, geographic barriers, and local nationalism led to 20 different nations Constitutions modeled the US’s but true democracy failed  1800s- revolts, civil war, and dictatorships Many early problems stemmed from colonial rule- same social structure Regionalism led to rise of caudillos

Mexico’s Struggle for Stability Large landowners, army leaders, and Catholic Church dominated politics  Conservatives vs liberals led to revolts and rise of dictators Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna battled with the US over “Texas” and lost  Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo embarrassed Mexico and triggered new violence in Mexico Led to La Reforma

Economics of Dependence Colonies never developed under colonial rule  Little changed after independence  New trade routes allowed US and Britain to replace Spain and other chief trading partners Foreign goods flooded their market which led to foreign investment profits Newcomers promoted economic activity and helped move LA into world market

Influence of the United States Monroe Doctrine  “The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers”  An attempt to prevent Spain from trying to reclaim its American colonies  US lacked the military strength to enforce the doctrine but had support of British Navy  Lasted for more than a century

US in Latin America Helping Cuba win independence from Spain forced Cubans to add the Platt Amendment  Allowed US to have naval bases in Cuba and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs US wanted to build Panama Canal but Colombia would not allow it  US supported Panamanian revolt who won independence  Building of Panama Canal by US  2000 Panama gained control of Canal