Chapter 7 SECTION 3&4

Chapter 7 Section 3 2 events helped to bring industrialization  -Embargo Act of 1807  -War of 1812 Replacement of humans with machines, first using water power (mills), then steam James Watt – improved the steam engine in the late 1700s

Factories and Cities  Pawtucket, RI – first textile mill in America (Slater violated British law by bringing plans to US)  Lowell, Mass. – center of Industrialization  Most workers were young women (mill girls)  Long hours, hard work, restrictions  Industrialization in north led to creation of cities

Primary Document  Reading on Hamilton Manufacturing Company  Answer Questions

Transportation Needed to transport materials to factories and products to market – see map of early roads and canals 1811 – National Road, completed in 1841 (MD to IL) 800 miles long Erie Canal – 1825, 363 miles – connected Great Lakes with Hudson River (Atlantic), Helped NYC grow In 15 years, 3,000 miles of canals built  Fulton – first successful steamboat service (1807)

Railroad and Telegraph  Railroad – first passenger service in 1831, by 1840, 3,000 miles of railroad tracks, advantages over canals  Communication – Samuel F.B. Morse patented telegraph in 1840 allowed for instant communication

Chapter 7 Section 4  Cotton gin – invented by Eli Whitney in 1793  Helped expand slavery  Cotton easier to clean, needed to grow more  Small farmers & plantations expanded and turned LA, MS, AL into King Cotton/Cotton Belt  Number of slaves 1 million in 1810, 2.5 million by 1840  Only ¼ of white families in south owned slaves and most owned fewer than 20

Primary Document  Read Farewell From a Virginia Slave  Answer questions

North  Could not count on cash crops for industry, had to focus on manufacturing  Northwest (IL, IN, WI) focused on one or two crops to sell to city markets, most profitable and did not require slaves  Slavery began to die out in North due to economic and social changes

South  South viewed slavery as necessary and sanctioned by religion  Many in the North viewed it as illegal and/or evil  Sectionalism was growing in the U.S. over economic and social differences.