Modern World History Chapter 9, Section 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization

Agricultural Revolution Enclosures – larger fields that wealthy landowners bought up that were enclosed with fences or hedges 2 important results of enclosures: Landowners tried new agricultural methods that increased crop yields Small farmers were forced to became tenant farmers or too give up farming and move to the cities

Agricultural Revolution Seed drill – invented by Jethro Tull, it was a machine that allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths Boosted crop yields and wasted less seed than the old scatter method

Agricultural Revolution Crop rotation – farmers began to rotate crops on the fields they planted by planting crops in an order that would restore nutrients in the soil Replaced the medieval three-field system that required the fields to remain fallow (unplanted) for a year Greatly increased crop yields

Agricultural Revolution The Agricultural Revolution spurred the Industrial Revolution: As food supplies increased so did population As population increased so did demand for food and products like cotton cloth As farmers lost their land to larger landholders, many moved to the cities and found work in factories

Industrialization Begins in England Natural resources in England that contributed: Water power and coal to fuel the new machines Iron ore to construct the machines, tools, and buildings Rivers for inland transportation Harbors from which merchant ships set sail

Industrialization Begins in England Factors besides natural resources that allowed industrialization to begin in England: Banking system to provide loans for businesses Colonies and shipping to support trade Large labor source Laws passed by Parliament that supported business

Textile (Cloth) Industry Inventions Flying shuttle – a boat shaped piece of wood that yarn was attached to that had wheels (doubled the work a weaver could do in a day) Spinning jenny – a spinning wheel that made spun thread from cotton (one spinner could work 8 threads at one time) Water frame – a machine that used water power from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels

Textile (Cloth) Industry Inventions Spinning mule – combined features of the spinning jenny and water frame (made thread that was finer, stronger, and more consistent than previous machines Power loom – run by water power, it sped up the weaving process

From Home to Factories The water frame, spinning mule, and power loom were all bulky and expensive Workers were needed to run these machines Wealthy merchants who set up these textile mills hired workers to come to their building called factories to work on these machines (link above Mill Times show 1st 8 min.)

Fuel Sources for Factories and Transportation The earliest factories were powered by rivers or streams Steam engine worked faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel Steam-driven machinery in factories by late 1700s In steamboats by 1807 In locomotive trains engines by 1820

Water Transportation Steam power began to be used to propel boats Robert Fulton’s steamboat was successful in New York on the Hudson River In England a network of canals was created to take advantage of this advancement (over 4,000 miles of canals built) This form of transportation slashed the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished goods

Road Transportation John McAdam, a Scottish engineer designed a new way to make roads in the early 1800s (macadam roads) Road beds made with large stones provided drainage, while crushed rock on the top provided a smooth surface that wouldn’t get muddy even with heavy rains Turnpikes – roads built this way by investors in which travelers had to stop at tollgates (turnpikes) and pay tolls before travelling further

Railroad Transportation Four major effects: Manufacturing spurred by cheap transportation Agriculture spurred by cheap transportation Created hundreds of thousands of jobs in railroad industry and for miners of coal and iron Linked country to city (workers to city, city folk to vacations)

American Inventors Cyrus McCormick – mechanical reaper (harvesting machine) Samuel Morse – electric signals over telegraph Isaac Singer – foot-powered sewing machine Alexander Graham Bell – telephone