Blood Physiology Lecture #6 Blood Groups & Blood Transfusion Professor A.M.A Abdel Gader MD, PhD, FRCP (Lond., Edin), FRSH (London) Professor of Physiology,

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Blood Physiology Lecture #6 Blood Groups & Blood Transfusion Professor A.M.A Abdel Gader MD, PhD, FRCP (Lond., Edin), FRSH (London) Professor of Physiology, College of Medicine & King Khalid University Hospital King Saud University Riyadh

Group A A Group A B Group O Group B B A B

BLOOD GROUPS Determined by: Antigens (glycoprotein) on the surface RBC The chief blood groups are: Clinically most significant –A-B-O System –Rh (Rhesus) System

The ABO system: Depends on whether the red cells contain one, both or neither of the two blood antigens: A and B. Four main ABO groups: A, B, AB, O

AgglutininAgglutinogen Group Blood Anti-B Anti-A - Anti A+B A B A & B - A B AB O The ABO Blood groups

The ABO system - cont. Anti-A & Anti-B are: naturally occurring antibodies. Not present at birth, appear 2-8/12 Triggered by A & B antigens in food and bacteria

Inheritance of blood groups Blood group Genotypes A AA, AO B BB, BO O OO AB Uses of genotypes: Sorting disputes in paternal dispute Frequency of ABO has ethnic variation

Rhesus (Rh) Blood Group Determined by: Presence or absence of the Rhesus antigen (D) on the surface of RBC: –Presence of D (individual is Rh+ve) –Absence of D ( ‘ ‘ ‘ Rh–ve) Rhesus antigens: Dd, Cc, Ee Clinically most important is D

Rhesus (Rh) Blood Group Anti-D antibody (agglutinin): -Is not naturally-occurring -Can be acquired by: i-Transfusion of Rh-ve individual with Rh+ve blood ii-Rh-ve pregnancy with Rh+ve faetus.

Importance of blood groups 1.Blood Transfusion. 2.Rh incompatibilty between mother and fetus

Blood Transfusion ORNO D OABBA Patient A B AB O

Agglutination in transfusion reaction If a patient of blood group A transfused with blood of group B The anti-B in plasma will agglutinate the transfused group B cells: Outcome: –The clumped cells plug small blood vessels (kidney shut down) –Sometimes immediate hemolysis

Blood tests before transfusion 1.Blood group type of patient (recipient) 2. Cross-matching

Blood tests before transfusion 1.Blood group type of patient (recipient) Look for agglutination A drop of patient RBC Anti-AAnti-BAnti-D

Blood tests before transfusion RBCAnti AAnti-B O-- A+- B-+ AB++

Blood tests before transfusion 2. Cross-matching: donor cells + recipients (patient) serum

Rh incompatibilty between mother and fetus

Mother Rh-ve first Rh+ve baby: At delivery –Fetal Rh+ RBC cross to maternal blood The mother will develop Anti-D after delivery. First child escapes & is safe (If the mother is transfused with Rh+ve blood before, first child will be affected)

Rh incompatibilty between mother and fetus- cont. Second fetus –If Rh+ve –Anti-D crosses placenta and destroys fetal Rh+ RBC –Outcome? Hemolytic Disease of the newborn

1.Hemolytic anemia: –If severe: treated with exchange transfusion: Replace baby blood with Rh-ve RBC (several times) 2.Hydrobs fetalis (death in utero)

Hemolytic Disease of the newborn- cont. Prevention: Injecting the mother with anti-D immediately after 1 st childbirth Antenatal (during pregnancY) prophylaxis