The Columbian Exchange The flow of goods between the New World, Europe, and Africa Brought European manufactured goods and alcohol to Africa and the Americas Products like lumber, fur, gold, sugar, potatoes, and corn to Europe

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease from Africa and Europe 1.New diseases: malaria, flu, measles, smallpox, typhus, yellow fever 2.Syphilis introduced to Europe from New World 2.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

Nothing so destroyed the life of the Native Americans whom the Spanish encountered as the introduction of smallpox. With no immune defenses to this new disease, millions of Native Americans died of smallpox during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Granger Collection.

Within one year of Columbus’s encounter with the Americas, the event had been captured in a woodcut published in Giuliano Dati’s Narrative of Columbus (1493). Columbus’s several voyages, and those of later Europeans as well, introduced not only European warfare but began a vast ecological exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds. The Granger Collection.

3.Spread of Catholicism to native peoples 3.Ultra-Catholic Spain believed it was their responsibility to teach the “savages” religion 3.Majority of central and South America are still Catholic

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

Father Bartolome de Las Casas

The Enlightenment and Empire Most enlightened philosophes were in support of European empires Supported expansion of natural world and knowledge –New languages, customs, species

Enlightened Critics of European Empire A few philosophers of the Enlightenment criticized the Europeans on moral grounds –Conquest of the Americas –Treatment of the Native Americans –Enslavement of Africans

Three Ideas from Critics 1.Human beings deserve some degree of moral and political respect simply because they are human beings. 2.Different cultures should have been respected and understood, not destroyed. 3.Human beings may develop distinct cultures possessing intrinsic values that cannot be compared.