Child Development Laura E. Berk 8th edition Chapter 4 Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Newborn Reflexes Eye Blink Rooting Sucking Swimming Moro Palmar Grasp Tonic Neck Stepping Babinski Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Infant States of Arousal Regular Sleep Irregular Sleep Drowsiness Quiet Alertness Waking Activity and Crying Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Sleep Patterns Sleep moves to an adult-like night-day schedule during the first year. Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2. More Americans are co-sleeping. Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Childhood Sleep Changes Figure 4.1 - Changes in REM sleep. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Infant Crying Patterns Figure 4.2 - Crying patterns during the first year of life. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Peaks between 2 and 4 months of age Leading cause of death of infant mortality in industrialized nations Quitting smoking, changing an infant’s sleeping position and removing a few bedclothes can reduce the incidence of SIDS Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Adult Responsiveness to Infant Cries Depends on: Interpretation of Cry Adults use cry intensity and context Accuracy improves with experience Adult Characteristics Empathy Child-centered attitude Perception of control over crying RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby Hold on shoulder and rock or walk Swaddle Pacifier Ride in carriage, car, swing Combine methods Let cry for short time Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale Uses include: Discovering individual & cultural differences Helping parents get to know their babies Predicting development based on changes in scores RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

The Steps of Classical Conditioning Figure 4.3 - The steps of classical conditioning. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Operant Conditioning Terms Reinforcer Increases probability of behavior occurring again Presenting desirable stimulus Removing unpleasant stimulus Punishment Reduces probability of behavior occurring again Presenting unpleasant stimulus Removing desirable stimulus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Infant Learning and Memory Figure 4.4 Increase in retention of operant responses in two tasks from 2 to 18 months of age. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Using Habituation to Study Infant Memory & Knowledge Figure 4.5 - Using habituation to study infant memory and knowledge. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Infant’s Recent and Remote Memory for Human Actions Figure 4.6 - Infants’ recent and remote memory for human actions. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Imitation Newborns can imitate Harder to induce in older babies Some suggest it is a reflex Capacity improves with age Helps infants learn Mirror neurons Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Trends in Motor Skills Development Cephalocaudal “Head to tail” Head before arms and trunk, which are before legs Proximodistal From the center of the body outward Control of head and trunk before arms and legs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill 4 factors in each new skill: CNS development Body’s movement capacity Child’s goals Environmental supports Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Steps in Reaching and Grasping Prereaching Reaching With two hands, then one Ulnar Grasp Adjust grip to object Move objects from hand to hand Pincer Grasp Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Some Milestones of Reaching Figure 4.9 Some milestones of reaching. © Laura Dwight Photography; © Michael Siluk/The Image Works; © Laura Dwight Photography; © Elizabeth Crows/The Image Works Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Infants’ Sense of Touch Newborns: reflex responses to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals Later, exploratory mouthing Pleasurable touch releases endorphins Sensitive to pain Pain can affect later behavior Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar, gentle holding RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Prefer sweet tastes at birth Quickly learn to like new tastes Have odor preferences from birth Affected by mother’s diet during pregnancy Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Newborn Sense of Hearing Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Learn sound patterns within days Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Developments in Hearing 4 – 7 months Sense of musical phrasing 6 – 8 months “Screen out” sounds from non-native languages Recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native language 8 – 9 months Detect syllables that often occur together in the same word Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Newborn Sense of Vision Least developed of senses at birth Unable to see long distances, focus clearly Scan environment and try to track interesting objects Color vision improves in first two months RubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Newborn’s Limited Focusing Ability Figure 4.12 View of the human face by the newborn and adult. From Kellman & Anterberry, 2006; Slater, 2001 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Improvements in Vision Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision: 2 months: focus and color vision 6 months: acuity, scanning & tracking 6–7 months: depth perception Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Steps in Depth Perception Birth – 1 month Sensitivity to kinetic cues 2 – 3 months Sensitivity to binocular cues 5 –12 months Sensitivity to pictorial cues Wariness of heights Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

The Visual Cliff Figure 4.13 The visual cliff. © Mark Richards/PhotoEdit Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Steps in Pattern Perception 3 weeks Poor contrast sensitivity Prefers large simple patterns 2 months Can detect detail in complex patterns Scans internal features of patterns 4 Can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present 12 Can detect objects even if two-thirds of drawing is missing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Infant’s Responses to Pictorial Depth Cues Figure 4.14 Testing infants’ responsiveness to pictorial depth cues— overlapping lines and line junctions. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

The Way Two Checkerboards Differing in Complexity Look to Infants in the First Few Weeks of Life Figure 4.15 - The way two checkerboards differing in complexity look to infants in the first few weeks of life. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Subjective Boundaries in Visual Patterns Figure 4.16 - Subjective boundaries in visual patterns. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Early Face Perception Figure 4.17 - Early face perception. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Testing Newborns for Size Constancy Figure 6.18 - Testing newborns for size constancy. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Testing Infants’ Ability to Perceive Object Unity Figure 4.19 - Testing infants’ ability to perceive object unity. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Testing Infants’ Ability to Perceive an Object’s Path of Movement Figure 4.19 Testing infant’s ability to perceive an object’s path of movement. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Steps in Intermodal Perception Birth Detect amodal sensory properties 3 – 4 months Prefer “matching” sights and sounds 5 – 6 months Reach for object in the dark, coordinating sight and touch Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Differentiation Theory Infants: Search for invariant features of the environment Note stable relationships between features Visual patterns, intermodal relationships Gradually detect finer and finer features: differentiation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Affordances Discovered by acting on the environment Make actions future-oriented Figure 4.20 Acting on the environment plays a major role in perceptual differentiation. Courtesy of Karen Adolph, New York University Courtesy of Karen Adolph, New York University Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Relationship of Age at Adoption to Mental Test Scores at Ages 6 and 11 Among British and Romanian Adoptees Figure 4.21 Relationship of age at adoption to mental test scores at ages 6 and 11 among British and Romanian adoptees. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.