Simone Chambers is Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto, Canada. Publications: Reasonable Democracy, Jürgen Habermas and the Politics of Discourse, Cornell University Press & Costein,A, Bohman, J & Calabrese, A Deliberation, Democracy, and the Media, Rowman & Littlefield 2000 & Kymlicka, W (eds), Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society, Princeton Public Reason and Deliberation, Routledge 2012.

Chambers on deliberative democracy diagnostic background thesis (particularistic) - the predominance of a rhetoric that aims to gains support for a proposition in the public sphere (plebiscitary rhetoric) - in contrast with deliberative public debate and argumentation  to enhance forms of deliberative rhetoric, which aims to “… engaging citizens’ practical judgement and as such treats its audience as autonomous deliberators deserving of respect” (“Rhetoric and the Public Sphere”, 2009) democracy as process vs. outcome-oriented constitution as a reflection - of pluralism and - the historical context of the community (historical identities) vs. prescriptive of universalistic moral and neutral rights

Chambers on deliberative democracy democracy as process - moral core: the pluralistic inclusiveness of deliberative processes  processes can be more or less democratic  democracy depends on the existence, presence and effects of deliberative processes - main characteristic: a sense/feeling of being included and having taken part of a process - independently of the outcome? - corollary moral-political value: the outcome ought to reflect the deliberative process and not violate against it

Chambers on deliberative democracy constitution as reflection - of pluralism - the historical context of the community (historical identities) vs. prescriptive of universalistic moral and neutral rights and abstract identities - moral core: openly inclusive of diversity (in equality) - main characteristic: inscription, that is written or otherwise openly declared as foundational of the political community - corollary moral-political value: ought to give rise to political processes of inclusion and deliberation, the political community is founded on a demand to deliberate and consider diversity