Safavid Founder: Shah Ismail. Took control of Iran/Iraq Called himself shah (king) Shiite Muslim Sent representatives to convert members of the Ottoman Empire. Took Baghdad Massacre of Sunni Muslims

Shah Abbas Golden Age of Safavids Overthrew father then imprisoned him Then killed co- conspirator Allied w/Europe (regain lost land) Treaty 1612 Safavids give up territorial gains Azerbaijan returned to the Safavids.

Decline High taxes continuous warfare with Ottomans Afghanistan = conquered Safavids 1722

Know the Map Ottomans in Mediterranean Safavids in Middle East Mughuls in India Religious orthodoxy = pressure to conform to traditional religious beliefs Shah Abbas death = religious orthodoxy increased Women no more freedom Life of seclusion Wear veil

Mughals Founder: Babur United Hindu and Muslim Kingdoms in India Mother = descendant of Geghis Khan Armies were smaller BUT had: Better weapons Artillery Efficient use of resources

Mogul Empire

Akbar Akbar = Great was the grandson of Babur’ Controlled most of India with: Artillery Negotiation Known for: Humane character of his rule Religious tolerance Married Hindu princess Zamindars = Low ranking Hindus Paid by keeping part of taxes Part of the toleration of government administration

Art The “Akbar style” included: Combined Persian and Indian influences Humans in action Imitated European art forms Perspective Lifelike portraits Commissioned artists from Persia and Europe to teach Indians The Taj Mahal = best example of Mogul architecture.

Women Mogul tribal society – warriors and advisors in political matters. They could own land and do business. Had restrictions of Islamic law i.e. isolation of women was practiced in upper class Hindu families. A lot of Hindu practices went unchanged by Mogul rule

Decline British = major influence Sir Robert Clive = representative of British East India Company Took Bengal B.E.I.C. took control of Indian trade Taxed lands around Calcutta The Indians practiced guerilla warfare against the British. The British moved inland. Trade brought money to the British.