Carbon Macromolecules Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. –straight chain –branched chain –ring

Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. –Monomers are the individual subunits. –Polymers are made of many monomers.

AKA: Hydrocarbons C AlkanesAlkenes AlkynesAromatics

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl There are other names that describe patterns of atoms that are parts of functional groups: “Hydroxyl” refers to –OH “Carbonyl” refers to C=O “Carboxyl” refers to COOH Q: Which functional groups contain a hydroxyl group? A carbonyl group? A carboxyl group? Hydroxyl: alcohols, carboxylic acids. Carbonyl: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters. Carboxyl: carboxylic acids *Note that properties such as boiling and melting point change due to functional groups

Carbohydrates Function: To be broken down as a source of chemical energy; also a part of cell structure. Example: sugars, starches, cellulose *Simple sugars (glucose) = monosaccharides *Starches and cellulose = polysaccharides

Importance of polysaccarides: Plants store glucose in the form of polysaccharides known as starch in their roots Animals store glucose in the from of a polysaccharide known as glycogen in our liver and muscle cells The chains sticking out of the proteins in the cell membrane are polysaccharides know as cell markers

Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on earth. – Gives trees and plants structure and strength – We need cellulose (fiber) to keep our digestive tracts clean and healthy Polysaccharides are used in the shell of crustaceans like crabs and lobsters (Chitin)

eg.ca/cm1504/Image70.gif Sucrose = glucose + fructose Glucose can be linear or ring structure!

Carbs +/- Water Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis Taking out water to make some thing new. Water breaks down a complex molecule into a simple molecule.

Lipids Function: To be broken down as a source of chemical energy; makes cell membranes Example: fats, oils, cholesterol, steroids *Lipids are nonpolar/hydrophobic! *Most membrane lipids (phospolipids) are amphipathic, having a non-polar end and a polar end. Fatty acids – Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms (carboxylic acids)

Various Fatty Acids: Saturated fats (usually from animals) single carbon bonds Strong attractions between chains High melting points Solids at room temperature Unsaturated fats (usually from plants) at least 1 carbon double bond Few interactions between chains Low melting points Liquids at room temperature

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=Tryglyceride Your Body Needs Lipids!

16 Properties of Lipids Hydrogenation Unsaturated compounds react with H 2 Ni or Pt catalyst C=C bonds C–C bonds Hydrolysis Split by water and acid or enzyme catalyst Produce glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Proteins Function: Many functions- including movement, transport, chemical catalysts Example: enzymes, meats, nuts Protein- Polymer made of monomers called amino acids.

Nucleic Acids Function: To store genetic information and build proteins (just ONE function!) Example: DNA and RNA Nucleic acids- Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides.

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