Objective 6: Vocabulary theory evolution natural selection random artificial selection mutation sexual selection survival reproduction genes chromosome diversity embryo

Drosphilia (fruit fly) eye color: Red eyes (R) and white eyes (r) 1.Set up a Punnett square using a pure bred red eyed fruit fly and a white eye-colored fruit fly. 2.Describe the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring. 3.What would the parent genotypes need to be in order for only 50% of the offspring to inherit heterzygous genotypes?

The Theory of Evolution The definition of theory as used by scientists: an explanation that has been confirmed though observations, experimentation, and other supporting evidence. Evolution is small changes over time in the frequency a gene in a population, which may gradually result in the formation of a new species. –What is actually changing? –What would be the primary 3 factors that determines if a gene or genes becomes more abundant in a population?

When parents pass their genes down to their children, an average of 60 errors are introduced to the genetic code. ” (Wolchover 2011) Mutations can only be inherited if the mutations are in the DNA of the ovum or sperm.

Thought experiment: Imagine you have very large wall and at one end is a picture of yourself, next to this is a picture your father (or mother), then a picture of your grandfather (or grandmother), and so on for 185 million generations. Fossil records indicate that your 185 million- great- grandparent would resemble a fish. At what points along the line of pictures would one species become another? (Dawkins 2011)

Darwin and Wallace 1850’s On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (1859) Published work in 1858 prompted Darwin’s writings

Human Genome changes between any 2 people there is about one base pair out of every 1,000 that will be different 700 regions of the human genome where genes have been altered within the last 5,000 to 15,000 years. (Wade 2006) "from archaeological data …everywhere we can measure — Europe, China, South Africa, Australia —brains have shrunk about 150 cubic centimeters. That's roughly a 10 percent decrease" (Choi 2009). FwI2yCttrqEhttps:// FwI2yCttrqE (watch to 1:50) FwI2yCttrqE

Lactase protein Humans have a gene for producing lactase protein. Lactase is a protein that breaks down lactose so humans can digest it. This gene is generally turned off or ‘down’ by the age of 2. Gene for producing lactase is not read in approximately 10% of Americans, 10% of Africa's Tutsi tribe, 50% of Spanish and French people, and 99% of Chinese DNA extracted from human remains as late as 5000BC Europe showed no mutations (SNP’s) (Lactase Anthropology, Got Lactase, 2007)

Natural Selection evidence observed in Asian elephants: The tusk-free gene, normally found in 2% - 5% of male Asian elephants Gene frequency increased to 5% - 10% in China elephants (Tuskless' Elephants Evolving). eastern Zambia, the proportion of tuskless female elephants increased from 10 per cent in 1969 to nearly 40 per cent in 1989 (LaPage, 2011)

Types of Selection Artificial Selection Cows that produce the most milk are chosen for breeding. Between 1957 and 2007 the average milk production per cow in the U.S. increased by 5,997 kg (Oltenacu, 2010). Sexual Selection A study of Long-Tailed widowbirds demonstrated that female widowbirds chose males with longer tails more often than males with shorter tails (Ehrlich 1988).

Natural Selection: survival of the fittest Discuss with your group to determine the 4 main component of Natural Selection. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:

(ted)

Bibliography Choi, Charles Q. "Humans Still Evolving as Our Brains Shrink." LiveScience.com. N.p., 13 Nov Web. 27 Mar Dawkins, Richard, and Dave McKean. The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True. New York: Free, Print. Ehrlich, Paul R., David S. Dobkin, and Darryl Wheye. "Sexual Selection." Standford University, Web. 27 Feb "Got Lactase?" Understanding Evolution. California Academy of Sciences, Apr Web. 07 Apr "Human Evolutionary Change 100 Times Higher in Past 5,000 Years." 'The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel. University of Wisconsin, 13 Aug Web. 08 Apr Matmiller, Brian. "Genome Study Places Modern Humans in the Evolutionary Fast Lane." Genome Study Places Modern Humans in the Evolutionary Fast Lane. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 10 Dec Web. 08 Apr "Milk and the Modern Man." The Tech Museum of Innovation. Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Web. 08 Apr

Bibliography Oltenacu, P. A., and D. M. Broom. "The Impact of Genetic Selection for Increased Milk Yield on the Welfare of Dairy Cows." Animal Welfare 19 (2010): Web. 8 Apr Page, Michael Le. "Unnatural Selection: Hunting down Elephants' Tusks." New Scientist (2011): 33. Print. Tishkoff, Sarah A., Floyd A. Reed, Alessia Ranciaro, Benjamin F. Voight, Courtney C. Babbitt, Jesse S. Silverman, Kweli Powell, Holly M. Mortensen, Jibril B. Hirbo, Maha Osman, Muntaser Ibrahim, Sabah A. Omar, Godfrey Lema, Thomas B. Nyambo, Jilur Ghori, Suzannah Bumpstead, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Gregory A. Wray, and Panos Deloukas. "Convergent Adaptation of Human Lactase Persistence in Africa and Europe." Nature Genetics 39.1 (2006): Ebscohost.com. 10 Dec Web. 8 Apr Wade, Nicholas. "Analysis of Neanderthal Genome Points To Interbreeding With Modern Humans." The New York Times, 07 May Web. 03 Feb

Videos and other resources on Evolution ated (evidence) ated (evidence) ated (how evol. works) ated elated (humans) elated (song) (meiosis) 8.pdf (excellent ppt) 8.pdf (the line) (stated clearly)