The Rising Storm Losing the bubble?Losing the bubble? Sailors say the ship’s navigator has lost a clear sense of where he is and where he is boundSailors say the ship’s navigator has lost a clear sense of where he is and where he is bound

Uneasy Balances Gag Rule (in Congress)Gag Rule (in Congress) More states entering union: AK (Slave), MI (Free), TX (slave)More states entering union: AK (Slave), MI (Free), TX (slave) Congressional debates erupt in violenceCongressional debates erupt in violence

Mexican Territory and the issue Polk: Extend Missouri Com. To Pacific OPolk: Extend Missouri Com. To Pacific O Douglas: Popular Sovereignty –Douglas: Popular Sovereignty – Wilmot Proviso:Wilmot Proviso: – – Wilmot’s answer to newly purchased territory from Mexico –Threats: secession, cut of commercial relations with North, refusal to pay debts owed to North –Never passed

1848 Election Lewis Cass Dem. - split Pop. Sov. Zachary Taylor Whig -Unknown political views Martin Van Buren Free Soil Party’s beliefs?

Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!  “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.  Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.  Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!  “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.  Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.  Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! WHY?

The 1848 Presidential Election Results √

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850  California statehood.  Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.  Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: §Personal liberty laws §Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)  California statehood.  Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.  Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: §Personal liberty laws §Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

Compromise of 1850: A work in Progress over 9 months long

Elements of the Compromise Bonus: If Pres. Taylor was against this, how did it ultimately pass?

Fugitive Slave Act Fugitive Slave Act “Personal Liberty Laws” as a means of combatting this Act“Personal Liberty Laws” as a means of combatting this Act How did enforcement of this Act change the nation?How did enforcement of this Act change the nation?

Harriet Beecher Stowe ( ) Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe ( ) Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 §Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. §2 million in a decade! §“So this is the lady that started the civil war!” Abraham Lincoln §Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. §2 million in a decade! §“So this is the lady that started the civil war!” Abraham Lincoln

1852 Presidential Election Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale -- Democrat (NH) Whig Free Soil -Compr supporter Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale -- Democrat (NH) Whig Free Soil -Compr supporter

1852 Election Results

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Repeals Missouri Compromise Decide by Popular Sovereignty

“Bleeding Kansas” Missouri border ruffians Emigrant Aid Society - Abolitionist immigrants Rival gov’ts --- violence ensues Charles Sumner, “Crime against Kansas” Missouri border ruffians Emigrant Aid Society - Abolitionist immigrants Rival gov’ts --- violence ensues Charles Sumner, “Crime against Kansas”

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol building by John Steuart Curry (20 c )

“The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854  Opposed to expansion of slavery, not abolition  Northern Anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats  Free-Soilers, Know-Nothing’s  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.  Opposed to expansion of slavery, not abolition  Northern Anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats  Free-Soilers, Know-Nothing’s  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. K-N ActBleeding KS

1856 Presidential Election James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore (PA) Democrat Republican Whig

1856 Election Results 1856 Election Results

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine Popular Sovereignty ?

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

1860 Presidential Election √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat Stephen John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.  Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.  Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results

Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing- KY)

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Fort SumterFort Sumter: April 12, 1861 A strategic Location Fort SumterFort Sumter: April 12, 1861 A strategic Location

Events of that day Union Major Robert Anderson needed reinforcementsUnion Major Robert Anderson needed reinforcements He refused to abandon Fort SumterHe refused to abandon Fort Sumter P.G.T. Beauregard and troops opened fireP.G.T. Beauregard and troops opened fire After 34 hours, Anderson formally surrenderedAfter 34 hours, Anderson formally surrendered