S OLUTIONS

T YPES OF M IXTURES Heterogeneous mixtures-mixtures that do not blend smoothly-not uniform throughout-individual substances remain distinct. Two Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures are: Suspensions Colloids

S USPENSIONS Suspensions-heterogeneous mixture that settles upon standing. Can be separated by filter paper.

C OLLOIDS Colloids-heterogeneous mixtures that appear cloudy, cannot be separated by filtration, and demonstrate the Tyndall effect.

T YNDALL E FFECT

T YPES OF M IXTURES ( CONTINUED ) Homogeneous mixtures-mixtures that do blend smoothly-uniform throughout-one set of properties. Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.

S OLUTIONS Solutions consist of: – Solute-part of the solution that gets dissolved – Solvent-part of the solutions that does the dissolving – Water is called the universal solvent.

T YPES OF S OLUTIONS 1. Enter answer text... State of SoluteState of SolventExample Gas Air GasLiquidSoft drink Liquid Antifreeze, vinegar LiquidGasHumidity LiquidSolidDental filling SolidLiquidOcean water Solid Bronze. Brass (alloys)

M UDDY WATER IS AN EXAMPLE OF A 1. colloid 2. solution 3. suspension

F OG IS AN EXAMPLE OF A 1. colloid 2. solution 3. suspension

I TALIAN SALAD DRESSING IS AN EXAMPLE OF A 1. colloid 2. solution 3. suspension

K OOL - AID IS AN EXAMPLE OF A 1. colloid 2. solution 3. suspension

P URE AIR IS AN EXAMPLE OF A 1. colloid 2. solution 3. suspension

S ALT IS DISSOLVED IN WATER. S ALT IS THE 1. solute 2. solvent

S UGAR IS DISSOLVED IN SWEET TEA. T HE TEA IS THE 1. solute 2. solvent

O XYGEN GAS DISSOLVED IN LAKE WATER IS AN EXAMPLE OF A 1. Liquid dissolved in a gas 2. Gas dissolved in a liquid 3. Gas dissolved in a solid 4. Solid dissolved in a gas

C ARBON DISSOLVED IN IRON TO MAKE STEEL IS AN EXAMPLE OF A 1. Solid dissolved in a solid 2. Solid dissolved in a liquid 3. Solid dissolved in a gas 4. Liquid dissolved in a solid 5. Gas dissolved in a solid

P ROPERTIES OF S OLUTIONS A substance that dissolves in a solvent is said to be soluble. Two liquids that are soluble in each other are said to be miscible. A substance that does not dissolve in a solvent is said to be insoluble. Two liquids that are not soluble in each other are said to be immiscible.

Immiscible Liquids Insoluble Solids

“L IKE D ISSOLVES L IKE ” Polar substances dissolve other polar substances (or ionic compounds). Water is polar (due to asymmetrical arrangement of the molecule).

W HICH OF THE FOLLOWING WILL DISSOLVE IN WATER ? This one because it is polar!

“L IKE D ISSOLVES L IKE ” ( CONTINUED ) Nonpolar substances dissolve nonpolar substances. Polar substances cannot dissolve nonpolar substances. Nonpolar iodine dissolves in nonpolar hexane Nonpolar iodine does NOT dissolve in polar water Nonpolar hexane and polar water do not mix.

C ORN OIL DOES NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER. C ORN OIL IS 1. Polar 2. nonpolar

W ILL CALCIUM CHLORIDE (C A C L 2 ) DISSOLVE IN WATER ? 1. Yes 2. No

W HICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS IMMISCIBLE IN WATER ? 1. Food coloring 2. Vinegar 3. Gasoline 4. Lemon-aid

F ACTORS A FFECTING THE R ATE OF D ISSOLVING Agitation-(stirring)-stirring or shaking increases the rate at which solutes dissolve. Surface area-breaking up a solid increases the surface area and increases the rate at which solids dissolve Temperature-as temperature increases, the rate of dissolving of solid solutes increases.

S OLUBILITY Solubility is defined as the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature

S OLUBILITY ( CONT.) Solutions that contain the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature are said to be saturated. Solutions that contain less than the maximum amount of solute are said to be unsaturated. Solutions that contain more than the expected maximum amount of solute are said to be supersaturated (can be accomplished only through heating and careful cooling of the solvent).

T EMPERATURE AND S OLUBILITY In warmer water, more solid will dissolve. This is because a high temperature means water molecules are moving faster which keeps more solid molecules suspended. Conversely a gas will be less soluble at a higher temperature. This is because when a gas molecules are moving faster they are able to escape from the liquid surface.

S OLUBILITY C URVES A solubility curve is a graph of the solubilities of various substances as a function of temperature. When graphing the data for solubility, temperature is the manipulated variable, and mass of solute dissolved is the responding variable.

I NTERPRETING S OLUBILITY C URVES 1. What is the maximum amount of NaNO3 that will dissolve in 100 g of water at 10 o C? 2. At what temperature will 70 g of NH4Cl dissolve in 100g of water? 3. Which substance has the greatest solubility at 0 o C? 4. Which substance is the least soluble at 100 o C? g of KClO3 is dissolved in 100 g of water at 50 o C. Is the solution saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?

C ONCENTRATION OF S OLUTIONS Qualitative descriptions: Concentrated solutions-large amount of solute and small amount of solvent. Dilute solutions-large amount of solvent and small amount of solute. Quantitative descriptions: Solubility-grams of solute/ml of solution Molarity-moles of solute/L of solution Molality-moles of solute/kg of solvent Percent by Mass-mass of solute/mass of solution x100% Percent by Volume –volume of solute/volume of solution x 100%

M OLARITY  A solution of NaCl has a molarity of 1 (1M). What does this mean? 1 mole of NaCl is dissolved in enough water to make 1 L. 1 mole = 58 g NaCl  A 1M solution of NaCl contains 58 g of NaCl dissolved in 1 liter of water. How much salt is dissolved in a 2M solution? 116 g How much salt is dissolved in a 6 M solution? 348 g Which is more concentrated?

M OLALITY A solution of NaCl contains 58 g of NaCl dissolved in 1 liter of water. The density of water is 1.00g/mL. What is the molality of the solution? 1 liter = 1000 mL = 1000 g = 1 kg 58 g = 1 mole Molality = 1 mole/1 kg = 1 m How much salt must be dissolved in 100 g of water in order to make a 2.0 molal (m) solution? 100 g =.1 kg 2.0 = x/.1 X =.2 moles x 58 g = 11.6 g Will molarity and molality for the same solution always be equal? Explain.

C OLLIGATIVE P ROPERTIES Colligative properties are properties that depend on the number (not the type) of solute particles present in solution. Colligative properties include: 1) freezing point 2) boiling point 3) vapor pressure

F REEZING P OINT D EPRESSION The freezing point of a solution is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent. Example: Saltwater freezes at a lower temperature than pure water (below zero degrees Celsius). The greater the number of ions in the solution, the lower the freezing point. Example: NaCl consists of two ions; Na + and Cl - CaCl 2 consists of three ions; Ca 2+, Cl -, and Cl - Which has the lower freezing point? CaCl2

B OILING P OINT E LEVATION The boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent. Example: Saltwater boils at a higher temperature than pure water (at a temperature above 100 degrees Celsius). The greater the number of ions in the solution, the higher the boiling point. Which boils at a higher temperature; a solution of NaCl or a solution of CaCl 2 CaCl2

V APOR P RESSURE L OWERING Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor particles on the surface of a liquid. The vapor pressure of a solution is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. Due to the presence of solute particles, fewer solvent particles are able to escape from the surface of the liquid resulting in a lower pressure. If the vapor pressure is lower, the boiling point will be higher.

W HICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY ? 1. Boiling point 2. Density 3. Freezing point 4. Vapor pressure

T HE FREEZING POINT OF A SOLVENT WILL ____ WHEN A SOLUTE IS ADDED. 1. go up 2. go down 3. remain the same

T HE BOILING POINT OF A SOLVENT WILL ____ WHEN A SOLUTE IS ADDED. 1. go up 2. go down 3. remain the same

W HICH OF THE FOLLOWING SOLUTES WILL RESULT IN A SOLUTION HAVING THE HIGHEST BOILING POINT ? 1. NaCl 2. CaCl 2 3. AlCl 3 4. C 12 H 22 O

I F COST WAS NOT AN ISSUE, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SALTS WOULD BE THE MOST EFFECTIVE ROAD DEICER ? 1. NaCl 2. CaCl 2 3. AlCl 3 4. All would be equally effective

W HICH SOLUTION WOULD HAVE THE LOWEST FREEZING POINT ? 1. 1 M AlCl M NaCl 3. 3 M CaCl M C 6 H 12 O

P ROBLEMS I NVOLVING C OLLIGATIVE P ROPERTIES The equation used to determine the Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation is: ∆T =i K f m where: ∆T represents temperature change K f is the freezing point depression constant (this value is specific to each solvent) m represents molality i represents the number of ions making up the solute. Note: molality = moles of solute/kg of solvent The same equation is used to determine the boiling point elevation however, K b is substituted for K f.

P RACTICE P ROBLEM Sodium chloride is often used to prevent icy roads and to freeze ice cream. What is the freezing point of a m aqueous solution of sodium chloride? Molality = K f for water = 1.86 i = 2 ∆T =i K f m ∆T = 2 (1.86) ∆T = = -.11 o C

P RACTICE P ROBLEM #2 A lab technician determines that the boiling point of an aqueous solution of a calcium chloride solution (CaCl2) is o C. What is the solution’s molality? ∆T = – 100 = 1.12 K b for water =.512 i = 3 for CaCl2 ∆T =i K b m 1.12 = 3 (0.512) x X=0.729 moles/kg of solvent

D ILUTING M OLAR S OLUTIONS You can prepare a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution by diluting the solution (increase the solvent particles) The following equation can be used: M1V1 = M2V2 where: M1 and V1 represent the molarity and volume of the concentrated solutions M2 and V2 represent the molarity and volume of the diluted solutions.

P RACTICE P ROBLEM How many milliliters of a 5.0 M H2SO4 solution would you need to prepare 100 mL of a 0.25 M H2SO4 solution? M1V1 = M2V2 M1 = 5.0 M V1 = x M2 = 0.25 M V2=100 mL M1V1 = M2V2 5(x) = 0.25 (100) X = 5 mL