Anglo-Saxon Period AD
Celts Welsh language isolated for centuries Flamboyant descriptions 55 B.C. Julius Caesar invades Briton 55 B.C A.D. Roman Influence Hadrian’s Wall -- separated Romans from Celts
407 AD Roman troops leave Britain to defend Rome Civilized – agriculture, roads, architecture, irrigation systems, baths, arts, music, Christianity
Anglo-Saxon Period 407 to 1066 AD
449 AD – Anglo-Saxon Invasion The Dark Ages Angles/Saxons/Jutes/Frisians Divided England into 7 kingdoms Angles were the most dominant (Angle-land = England)
Stonehenge
Anglo-Saxon Culture Sea-faring people, love of battle Land of tribes/chieftains/warriors Short, bleak, violent lives Pagans (wyrd = fate) Druids (runic alphabet) Oral culture -- unable to read or write Understatement, ambiguity, innuendo, word-play, riddles and circular poems
597 AD St. Augustine establishes monastery at Canterbury Christianity begins to spread -- Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Venerable Bede – 1 st historian of English history
750 AD Beowulf Author unknown Epic, hero quest Oldest surviving poem in English
793 AD Vikings (Danes) start raiding and looting Gained control of North and East England
851 AD King Alfred the Great Savior of the English language Founder of English prose Only English king to be called “the Great”
King Alfred the Great
1066 AD Anglo-Saxon period ends with the Norman Conquest and the battle over control of England. William the Conqueror defeats Harold II at Battle of Hastings to become King of England.
Language and Literature Roman alphabet replaces the runic alphabet Poetry, etc., are oral arts Printing was hand-written by scribes Very few manuscripts survived – Beowulf, Exeter book, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Literature has elements of the time period – battles, supernatural creatures, heroic deeds, pagan and Christian elements, fate, loyalty
Terms to Know
Caesura A pause dividing a line into 2 parts EXAMPLE: He took what he wanted // all the treasures
Alliteration: repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words Epitaph: inscription on tomb, any verse commemorating someone who has died
Kenning Metaphorical compound words or phrases substituted for simple nouns “whale’s way” = sea “shepherd of evil” = Grendel
Narrative Poetry Poetry that tells a story Epic is a narrative poem Strong rhythm Repetition of sounds/words/phrases/ideas Parallel grammatical structure
7 Characteristics of an Epic 1. Hero of high social status or historical importance 2. Fateful actions 3. Courageous and superhuman deeds 4. Supernatural complications 5. Large-scale setting, long journey 6. Formal speeches 7. Universal ideas/themes (good v. evil; life/death)
Beowulf