Jan Roscoe Publications AQA Examinations AS and A Level Physical Education AS / A year 1 (A1) AS 7581 Section 3.1 Factors affecting participation in physical activity and sport Sport and society The impact of sport on society and of society on sport Sociological theory applied to equal opportunities (1)

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and societyINDEX 33SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS 3 77SOCIAL ACTION THEORY IN SPORT 7 99CAUSES OF INEQUALITY OPPORTUNITY PROVISION ESTEEM DISCRIMINATION - DEFINITIONS PARTICIPATION IN SPORT DISABLED PERFORMERS DISABILITY IN SPORT BENEFITS OF RAISING PARTICIPATION IN SPORT NGBs FORMED ESPECIALLY FOR DISABLED SPORT DEVELOPMENT OF DISABLED SPORT BARRIERS DUE TO ETHNICITY PARTICIPATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN MODERN SPORT LACK OF PARTICIPATION BY ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS IMPROVING ETHNIC MINORITY PARTICIPATION IN SPORT SCHEMES TO INCREASE PARTICIPATION FEMALE EQUALITY AND STEREOTYPING FEMALE SEXPLOITATION FEMALE PARTICIPATION FURTHER BARRIERS TO FEMALES IN SPORT THE MEDIA AND SPONSORSHP FEMALE SOCCER ISLAMIC CULTURS AND FEMALE PARTICIPATION MULTI-DISCRIMINATION DISADVANTAGED LOWER CLASS SPORT THE LOWER CLASS STRUGGLE FOR SUCCESS ASSISTANCE TO DISADVANTAGED GROUPS TO INCREASE SUCCESS 41

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS SOCIETY the structural composition of a community of people including a national identity the structural composition of a community of people including a national identity culture explains why a society functions as it does culture explains why a society functions as it does lifestyle is predicted and determined by the unique patterns of a society lifestyle is predicted and determined by the unique patterns of a society reflecting the customs, attitudes and values of the people reflecting the customs, attitudes and values of the people societies have organisations / institutions which have a degree of autonomy – including sport societies have organisations / institutions which have a degree of autonomy – including sportSOCIALISATION the process of children (usually) learning and assimilating the rules and norms of a society the process of children (usually) learning and assimilating the rules and norms of a society this can be done by participation in the games and interactions between a child and his/her parents / siblings / peer group / teachers / sports coaches this can be done by participation in the games and interactions between a child and his/her parents / siblings / peer group / teachers / sports coaches

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS SOCIAL PROCESSES these are the means by which socialisation occurs these are the means by which socialisation occurs such as playing / talking / interacting with members of family / peer group / school teachers / older children and so on such as playing / talking / interacting with members of family / peer group / school teachers / older children and so on SOCIAL ISSUES these are issues which affect the overall composition and attitudes within a society these are issues which affect the overall composition and attitudes within a society examples would include: examples would include: disability disability ethnicity ethnicity gender gender disadvantage disadvantage inequality inequality prejudice prejudice stereotyping stereotyping

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURES / STRATIFICATION this title refers to the ways in which society groups itself for the purposes of daily activity this title refers to the ways in which society groups itself for the purposes of daily activity by virtue of friendship groups, family groups, interest groups (like sport and a particular sport or event within a sport for example) by virtue of friendship groups, family groups, interest groups (like sport and a particular sport or event within a sport for example) or in economic layers depending on a person’s own wealth (by virtue of his or her job) or in economic layers depending on a person’s own wealth (by virtue of his or her job) or a person’s parental wealth or a person’s parental wealth or socioeconomic class or socioeconomic class which can determine leisure activities / type of home / availability of opportunity, amount of leisure time which can determine leisure activities / type of home / availability of opportunity, amount of leisure time

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS PRIMARY / SECONDARY STRATIFICATION primary influences for socialisation lie within the immediate family primary influences for socialisation lie within the immediate family these influences will determine a person’s attitudes and manner in general these influences will determine a person’s attitudes and manner in general secondary influences are those which occur outside the family, such as peer group / friendship group / school friends secondary influences are those which occur outside the family, such as peer group / friendship group / school friends and will determine general cultural matters such as relationships and language development and will determine general cultural matters such as relationships and language development

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society in social action theory, bureaucratic organisations are the dominant institutions in society in social action theory, bureaucratic organisations are the dominant institutions in society bureaucracies (institutions) consist of individuals carrying out rational social actions designed to achieve the goals of bureaucracies bureaucracies (institutions) consist of individuals carrying out rational social actions designed to achieve the goals of bureaucracies in this theory, the whole development of modern society is in terms of a move towards rational social action in this theory, the whole development of modern society is in terms of a move towards rational social action thus, modern societies are undergoing the process of rationalisation thus, modern societies are undergoing the process of rationalisation SOCIAL ACTION THEORY IN SPORT

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society in this theory, sport as an element of social control becomes embedded in religion (as a bureaucracy) and the growth of capitalism in this theory, sport as an element of social control becomes embedded in religion (as a bureaucracy) and the growth of capitalism in which sport becomes an institution within which commercialism and elitism are a predominant part in which sport becomes an institution within which commercialism and elitism are a predominant part hence sport is a reflection of a social organisation hence sport is a reflection of a social organisation with all the features of a society and culture in which racism, misogeny, ageism and features which deride the disabled and lower socio- economic classes appear with all the features of a society and culture in which racism, misogeny, ageism and features which deride the disabled and lower socio- economic classes appear hence, Weber’s theory includes features of discrimination and so on within sport as a rational institution hence, Weber’s theory includes features of discrimination and so on within sport as a rational institution as well as the rational inclusion of all the good features of sport such as the strive for perfection, the instinct to perform, and the socialisation elements which bring participants together as well as the rational inclusion of all the good features of sport such as the strive for perfection, the instinct to perform, and the socialisation elements which bring participants together SOCIAL ACTION THEORY IN SPORT

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society CAUSES OF INEQUALITY people may or may not be able or desire to participate in sport people may or may not be able or desire to participate in sport we tend to discuss this in terms of: we tend to discuss this in terms of: –opportunity –provision –esteem istockphoto.com/MikeDabell

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and societyOPPORTUNITY this could include: this could include: the availability of adequate facilities the availability of adequate facilities the acceptance of religious beliefs (for example - competing on a Sunday for some groups) the acceptance of religious beliefs (for example - competing on a Sunday for some groups) the amount of free time available the amount of free time available the amount of disposable income available the amount of disposable income available the possibility of a career hence time and place conflict the possibility of a career hence time and place conflict the availability of qualified coaches the availability of qualified coaches the exclusivity of some sports (for example, rowing, yachting, polo, equestrianism) the exclusivity of some sports (for example, rowing, yachting, polo, equestrianism)

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and societyPROVISION this could include the availability of appropriate: this could include the availability of appropriate: –lessons –sessions –facilities the appropriateness of these factors is based upon their suitability in terms of: the appropriateness of these factors is based upon their suitability in terms of: –religious constraints –time or money constraints (affordability) –disability constraints –availability of local facilities –availability of appropriate equipment –provision of coaching

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and societyESTEEM esteem is concerned with the views and judgements of self or society esteem is concerned with the views and judgements of self or society this is more personal to the athlete than opportunity and provision this is more personal to the athlete than opportunity and provision and to do with attitudes of others towards the performer or the activity and to do with attitudes of others towards the performer or the activity it may include: it may include: suitable role models suitable role models belief in ability to perform the task belief in ability to perform the task traditional stereotypes affecting the image of the sport for a specific group (for example, ‘black people can’t swim’) traditional stereotypes affecting the image of the sport for a specific group (for example, ‘black people can’t swim’) the athlete’s own belief in how appropriate the activity is for them the athlete’s own belief in how appropriate the activity is for them acceptance of activity or performer by peer groups acceptance of activity or performer by peer groups confidence that a performer will be accepted by those already participating in an activity confidence that a performer will be accepted by those already participating in an activity

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex stereotyping – ‘a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people’ (Cardwell, 1996) stereotyping – ‘a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people’ (Cardwell, 1996) prejudice – a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience prejudice – a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience equal opportunities – being able to have the same access to sport (or other social activity) regardless of social factors (gender, age, class, race or ethnicity, disability) equal opportunities – being able to have the same access to sport (or other social activity) regardless of social factors (gender, age, class, race or ethnicity, disability) DISCRIMINATION - DEFINITIONS

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society making distinctions and or treating unfairly a specific group giving one particular group opportunities which are not available to all groups acting upon prejudices PREJUDICE = an opinion or attitude often displayed as a dislike towards a group or person because of his or her: skin colour race ethnicity

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society the differentiation between people on the following grounds is an issue in today’s society: the differentiation between people on the following grounds is an issue in today’s society: –disability –race / ethnicity –gender –disadvantaged PARTICIPATION IN SPORT

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society DISABLED PERFORMERS disability is defined as: ‘any restriction or lack of ability (due to an impairment) to perform an activity in a manner or within a range considered to be normal for a human being’ ‘an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function’ WHO (World Health Organisation)

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society DISABLED PERFORMERS it is estimated that there are 10% of all people in the UK who have some form of impairment or other almost all such people rely on state benefits to some degree or other therefore the opportunity for participation is reduced because of the cost Helen Roscoe Photography

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society DISABILITY IN SPORT some sports are unavailable to the disabled performer due to a lack of suitability or the nature of the game there are many issues with actually travelling to events or using sports facilities facilities or equipment may not by adapted to suit the needs of a disabled performer staff at sports centres may not be sufficiently trained to deal with the special requirements of disabled athletes there are a limited number of sporting events for disabled athletes

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society BENEFITS OF RAISING PARTICIPATION IN SPORT health and fitness health and fitness it can allow disabled people to feel integrated into society it can allow disabled people to feel integrated into society it can improve self-esteem and self-worth it can improve self-esteem and self-worth THE AIMS OF DISABILITY SPORT ORGANISATIONS improve awareness of disabled people in sport provide more opportunities for disabled people to become more active in sport educate the public about disabled people and their capabilities improve the image of disabled sport promote the advantages of sport to disabled people

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society NGBs FORMED ESPECIALLY FOR DISABLED SPORT Disability Sport England (DSE) British Paralympic Association (BPA) The British Amputee Sports Association The UK Sports Association for People with Mental Handicap Cerebral Palsy Sport The British Les Autres Sports Association

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society DEVELOPMENT OF DISABLED SPORT more information published about disabled sport increased availability of specialist coaching increased development of specialist sports programmes and training opportunities increased awareness amongst local authorities about disabled sport raised profile of Special Olympics and Paralympics improvement in facility access and design increased media coverage and publicity increased links with clubs and development officers

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society BARRIERS DUE TO ETHNICITY racism is the suggestion that one particular ethnic group is superior to another on the basis of skin colour or religion racism is the suggestion that one particular ethnic group is superior to another on the basis of skin colour or religion racial stereotyping is a situation whereby individuals are categorised into what they are capable of doing according to religion or skin colour racial stereotyping is a situation whereby individuals are categorised into what they are capable of doing according to religion or skin colour –for example, the notion that all black people are good at sprinting –because some obviously are! Wikimedia commons/Brunel University

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society PARTICIPATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN MODERN SPORT national teams in athletics and soccer have a high proportion of black Afro-Caribbean participants national teams in athletics and soccer have a high proportion of black Afro-Caribbean participants other sports like Rugby Union and League and Cricket have fewer black Afro-Caribbean participants at national level but significant numbers other sports like Rugby Union and League and Cricket have fewer black Afro-Caribbean participants at national level but significant numbers these same sports have far fewer persons of Asian backgrounds, particularly women these same sports have far fewer persons of Asian backgrounds, particularly women hockey, swimming, equestrianism, rowing have relatively few black participants hockey, swimming, equestrianism, rowing have relatively few black participants this pattern probably reflects class discrimination - lack of opportunity because of the expense of the sport, or its traditional class base this pattern probably reflects class discrimination - lack of opportunity because of the expense of the sport, or its traditional class base

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society many parts of our modern society are afflicted with institutional racism many parts of our modern society are afflicted with institutional racism this is not necessarily a conscious discrimination against non-white people, but more a feeling by white people that certain situations and activities are based around white people this is not necessarily a conscious discrimination against non-white people, but more a feeling by white people that certain situations and activities are based around white people it is a tradition that white people undertake these activities and exclude non-whites it is a tradition that white people undertake these activities and exclude non-whites certain people treat black people very stereotypically - this is a form of institutional racism certain people treat black people very stereotypically - this is a form of institutional racism PARTICIPATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN MODERN SPORT

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society ‘stacking’ whereby ethnic groups are advanced into certain positions regardless of capability for example, too few black people are in management or coaching in sport compared with overall percentage participation of black people in sport reduced participation this is particularly the case with female ethnic minority groups PARTICIPATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN MODERN SPORT

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society LACK OF PARTICIPATION BY ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS ROLE MODELS the lack of role models for ethnic minorities in specific sports the lack of role models for ethnic minorities in specific sports for example, is the abundance of black track athletes a result of the large number of role models in this sport? for example, is the abundance of black track athletes a result of the large number of role models in this sport? there is a lack of Asian players within Premiership soccer there is a lack of Asian players within Premiership soccer individuals with the same ethnic background tend to copy the behaviour of people in the media spotlight individuals with the same ethnic background tend to copy the behaviour of people in the media spotlight youngsters aspire to be like their idols hence, young Asian boys may wish to emulate Amir Khan (boxing) or Monty Panesar (cricket) youngsters aspire to be like their idols hence, young Asian boys may wish to emulate Amir Khan (boxing) or Monty Panesar (cricket) and young black girls may wish to grow up like Kelly Holmes (athletics) or one of the Williams sisters (tennis) and young black girls may wish to grow up like Kelly Holmes (athletics) or one of the Williams sisters (tennis) Wikimedia commons/Russell Garner

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society Kick Racism out of Football recent events in football games have ensured this scheme’s success the wearing of black and white wrist bands has also highlighted this issue Sporting Equals ‘working together for racial equality in sport’ this organisation aims to help integrate ethnic minorities into sport SCHEMES TO INCREASE PARTICIPATION

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society IMPROVING ETHNIC MINORITY PARTICIPATION IN SPORT media coverage of ethnic minority sports is improving (ie Channel 4’s coverage of Kabaddi) media coverage of ethnic minority sports is improving (ie Channel 4’s coverage of Kabaddi) some companies are using athletes of ethnic origin to promote products and sports some companies are using athletes of ethnic origin to promote products and sports more ethnic minority individuals are being appointed into managerial or sport development jobs more ethnic minority individuals are being appointed into managerial or sport development jobs Wikimedia commons/

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society FEMALE EQUALITY AND STEREOTYPING in the 21st century a woman is no longer a second class citizen but, there is still resistance to female equality in the 21st century a woman is no longer a second class citizen but, there is still resistance to female equality unfortunately, the stereotyping of female roles in society are such that a female’s role would be subservient to the male unfortunately, the stereotyping of female roles in society are such that a female’s role would be subservient to the male there is still the role of housewife and mother – not athlete and sports personality there is still the role of housewife and mother – not athlete and sports personality dance and gymnastics are still considered to be more acceptable activities for women dance and gymnastics are still considered to be more acceptable activities for women although attitudes are changing with female access to soccer, rugby and boxing although attitudes are changing with female access to soccer, rugby and boxing Wikimedia commons/Alan Cordova

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society FEMALE SEXPLOITATION stereotyping of female roles has led to misleading exploitation of women sportspeople by the media stereotyping of female roles has led to misleading exploitation of women sportspeople by the media particularly the tabloid media will use the sexual imagery of a female sports star to enhance items of ‘public interest’ particularly the tabloid media will use the sexual imagery of a female sports star to enhance items of ‘public interest’ for example, the use of the image of a naked Vicky Pendleton (Olympic Champion cycling sprint) to advertise a product for example, the use of the image of a naked Vicky Pendleton (Olympic Champion cycling sprint) to advertise a product we haven’t reproduced this image here - although her bike concealed what it was supposed to conceal we haven’t reproduced this image here - although her bike concealed what it was supposed to conceal the point is that perhaps she could have the same impact fully clothed!!! the point is that perhaps she could have the same impact fully clothed!!! Wikimedia commons/

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society FEMALE PARTICIPATION more men are in leadership roles within sport the glass ceiling women barred from certain activities (until recently) for example, hammer throwing and pole vault in athletics more male coaches than female the glass ceiling some NGBs slow to accept female sport as they attract less attention than male sport more male- orientated sports than female more male role models than female

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society FURTHER BARRIERS TO FEMALES IN SPORT lack of self-confidence in ability in sport in ability in sport lack of motivation perhaps due to the low status of women’s sport in comparison to men’s perhaps due to the low status of women’s sport in comparison to men’sunfeminine worried sport makes women look ‘manly’ worried sport makes women look ‘manly’ poor self-image some women worry they are too unfit and unhealthy to participate some women worry they are too unfit and unhealthy to participate type of sports offered many of the more accepted women’s sports are individual – yet some women prefer a group or team ethos many of the more accepted women’s sports are individual – yet some women prefer a group or team ethos

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society THE MEDIA AND SPONSORSHP women’s sport is grossly under-represented both in the newspapers and on the television women’s sport is grossly under-represented both in the newspapers and on the television by increasing the amount of publicity in women’s sport, the number of female role models will increase by increasing the amount of publicity in women’s sport, the number of female role models will increase this will encourage females to participate and also educate other members of society on the value of female sport this will encourage females to participate and also educate other members of society on the value of female sport with increasing exposure, more companies would offer sponsorship deals to women with increasing exposure, more companies would offer sponsorship deals to women this will aid the process of turning female sport from predominantly amateur to predominantly professional this will aid the process of turning female sport from predominantly amateur to predominantly professional Wikimedia commons/fergie lancealot

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society FEMALE SOCCER this is the largest expanding female sport in the USA this is the largest expanding female sport in the USA not met by the same gender prejudices as female soccer in Europe not met by the same gender prejudices as female soccer in Europe school, collegiate and national level female soccer teams have all seen a massive increase in number of players in recent years school, collegiate and national level female soccer teams have all seen a massive increase in number of players in recent years Wikimedia commons/John Mena

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society due to the nature of the Islamic religion, Muslim women have encountered many barriers to their participation in sport due to the nature of the Islamic religion, Muslim women have encountered many barriers to their participation in sport the role of the female within Islamic society the role of the female within Islamic society has meant that Muslim women are vastly under-represented within sport has meant that Muslim women are vastly under-represented within sport ISLAMIC CULTURES AND FEMALE PARTICIPATION Iran v Turkey in the 2010 Youth Olympic Games Wikimedia commons/ مانفی

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society the Youth Sport Trust (YST) has recognised the lack of female Muslims in sports the Youth Sport Trust (YST) has recognised the lack of female Muslims in sports YST is advising schools and clubs on how to promote physical activity for this minority group YST is advising schools and clubs on how to promote physical activity for this minority group through initiatives such as Nike Girls (Nike/YST, 2000) through initiatives such as Nike Girls (Nike/YST, 2000) this has led to many schools changing their policies on PE kit, times of extra-curricular clubs and the PE curriculum they deliver this has led to many schools changing their policies on PE kit, times of extra-curricular clubs and the PE curriculum they deliver ISLAMIC CULTURES AND FEMALE PARTICIPATION

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and societyMULTI-DISCRIMINATION some ethnic groups have strong views about the participation of women in sports some ethnic groups have strong views about the participation of women in sports particularly where undertaking the sport would involve exposing the body to view particularly where undertaking the sport would involve exposing the body to view this is an example of multi-discrimination against certain ethnic women this is an example of multi-discrimination against certain ethnic women if such people were also elderly and poor, the example would be widened if such people were also elderly and poor, the example would be widened

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and societyDISADVANTAGED whilst society has moved on from the 19 th century, there are still massive divides across the different economic classes whilst society has moved on from the 19 th century, there are still massive divides across the different economic classes there is still the upper class wealth, often meaning there is still the upper class wealth, often meaning –better education –better access to facilities –more free time the lower or working class still have the lower or working class still have –insufficient time –insufficient money to participate in most leisure activities to participate in most leisure activities and hence are disadvantaged and hence are disadvantaged

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society LOWER CLASS SPORT the lower class has received the least opportunities in sport the lower class has received the least opportunities in sport they have been victims of discrimination and prejudice they have been victims of discrimination and prejudice meaning that they have been restricted in their access to a range of sports due to their socio-economic status meaning that they have been restricted in their access to a range of sports due to their socio-economic status this is often a result of tradition and a lack of disposable income this is often a result of tradition and a lack of disposable income activities usually considered to be lower class are: activities usually considered to be lower class are: –rugby league –darts –coarse fishing –snooker Wikimedia commons/Jeppe2 spectatorism at some professional sports (soccer for example) has traditionally been working class spectatorism at some professional sports (soccer for example) has traditionally been working class

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society THE LOWER CLASS STRUGGLE FOR SUCCESS some sports remain exclusive because they are expensive some sports remain exclusive because they are expensive this is the reason for the predominance of independently educated Team GB medallists in the London 2012 Olympic Games this is the reason for the predominance of independently educated Team GB medallists in the London 2012 Olympic Games expenses range from membership, to equipment, to coaching, to travel expenses range from membership, to equipment, to coaching, to travel participation is therefore lower due to the fact that people in lower socio-economic groups have less disposable income, and are therefore disadvantaged participation is therefore lower due to the fact that people in lower socio-economic groups have less disposable income, and are therefore disadvantaged

indexpreviousnext AQA AS / A1 Level Physical Education sociological theories and equal opportunities Sport and society ASSISTANCE TO DISADVANTAGED GROUPS TO INCREASE SUCCESS the government and various NGBs have set up several schemes in order to promote sport to the lower classes the government and various NGBs have set up several schemes in order to promote sport to the lower classes these schemes are usually part of other schemes – such as Sports Colleges (as Academies) and TOPSport these schemes are usually part of other schemes – such as Sports Colleges (as Academies) and TOPSport there are some specific schemes such as Sportivate there are some specific schemes such as Sportivate offering free or subsidised coaching to 11 – 25 year olds offering free or subsidised coaching to 11 – 25 year olds NGBs used to be able to receive extra government funding if they could show they are dealing with issues of low participation in lower class areas NGBs used to be able to receive extra government funding if they could show they are dealing with issues of low participation in lower class areas