 Most common for holding liquids  Hold solids or liquids that are unlikely to release gas or splatter if stirred or heated.  Beakers come in several sizes, from 10 mL to 2000 mL.  In this course, we will usually use 250 – 1000 mL beakers.

Hold solids or liquids that may release gases during a reaction or that are likely to splatter if stirred or heated. Erlenmeyer flasks and beakers are used for mixing, transporting, and reacting, but not for accurate measurements. The volumes stamped on the sides are approximate and accurate to within about 5%.

A graduated cylinder is used to measure volumes of liquids. Graduated cylinders must be read where the bottom of the meniscus (curved part of liquid) reaches. Graduated cylinders are useful for measuring liquid volumes to within about 1%. They are for general purpose use, but not for quantitative analysis. If greater accuracy is needed, use a pipet or volumetric flask.

 To transfer small amounts of liquid

Can be used to heat substances in Used for mixing/watching reactions

A test tube holder is useful for holding a test tube which is too hot to handle. ONLY USE TO PICK UP TEST TUBES!

Used to clean test tubes and graduated cylinders. Forcing a large brush into a small test tube will often break the tube.

For holding and organizing test tubes on the counter.

Used to contain liquids in test tube or flask Containers should never be heated when there is a stopper in place.

To perform many small scale reactions at one time. Wells are used like small test tubes

Used as a surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold solids or as a cover for a beaker

To stir solutions It can also be used to transfer a single drop of a solution.

To aid in the transfer of liquid from one vessel to another. Filtration

To hold substance while taking mass

To dispense solid chemicals from their containers. Serves as spoon Handle small quantities of solid chemicals

To move hot beakers

 To heat glassware/contents  Some hot plates also contain a magnetic stirrer, allowing the heated liquid to be stirred automatically.

Produces a single gas flame for heating

 To heat small amounts of solid material at high temperature

Can be placed on an iron ring Provides support for crucible when heating over bunsen burner

Supportive metal rod with base Can be used when heating substances over a bunsen burner

Connect to a ring stand provide a stable, elevated platform for the reaction.

Attached to ring stand Can be made to hold a test tube, thermometer, etc.

Placed over the iron ring Provides a stage for the beaker

Used to light Bunsen burners.

 To find the mass (grams)

 To measure temperature (Celsius)

 To dispense distilled water

 Ruler or meter stick  For an accurate measurement, read the number where the end of the object reaches the ruler or meter stick.  If you need to convert between inches and centimeters, the conversion is: 1 in = 2.54 cm

 What is the correct measurement? (The numbers are in centimeters).  22.0 cm

 What is the correct measurement? (The numbers are in centimeters).  cm

 What is the correct measurement? (The numbers are in centimeters).  9.35 cm

 Use a graduated cylinder.  Always read volume from the bottom of the meniscus. The meniscus is the curved surface of a liquid in a narrow cylindrical container.  Place on table/stable surface, eye level

 What is the correct measurement? (The numbers are in milliliters).  63.3 mL

The meniscus is about eight tenths of the way to the next graduation, so the final digit in the reading is. The volume in the graduated cylinder is 0.8 mL mL.

What is the volume of liquid in the graduate ? _. _ _ mL 626

What is the volume of liquid in the graduate? _ _. _ mL 115

What is the volume of liquid in the graduate? _ _. _ mL 527

Examine the meniscus below and determine the volume of liquid contained in the graduated cylinder. The cylinder contains : _ _. _ mL 760

o Determine the temperature by reading the scale on the thermometer at eye level. o Read the temperature by using all certain digits and one uncertain digit. o Certain digits are determined from the calibration marks on the thermometer. o The uncertain digit (the last digit of the reading) is estimated. o On most thermometers encountered in a general chemistry lab, the tenths place is the uncertain digit.

If the thermometer bulb touches the flask, the temperature of the glass will be measured instead of the temperature of the solution. Readings may be incorrect, particularly if the flask is on a hotplate or in an ice bath.

Determine the readings as shown below on Celsius thermometers: _ _. _  C

 Use electronic balance  For an accurate measurement, you must zero the balance, place the object on the balance, and read the measurement when the scale is steady.