Romanesque Cathedral Architectural Style ÁRounded Arches. ÁBarrel vaults. ÁThick walls. ÁDarker, simplistic interiors. ÁSmall windows, usually at the top of the wall.

St. Filibert, France, 10 c

Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral

Romanesque Floor Plans

Canterbury Cathedral, England

Gothic Cathedral Architectural Style ÁBegan in France in the 12 c. ÁPointed arches. ÁFlying buttresses. ÁStained glass windows. ÁElaborate, ornate interior. ÁTaller, more airy  lots of light. ÁLavish sculpture  larger-than-life.

The Gothic Cathedral

Gothic Floor Plans

Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12 c “Flying” Buttresses

Flying Buttress

Gothic “Filigree” Closeups

Chartres Cathedral, Paris Royal Portal Jamb Figures The “Pillar People”

Cathedral Gargoyles

Stained Glass Windows ÁFor the glory of God. ÁFor religious instructions.

Notre Dame Cathedral

Gothic Cathedral

The good, of course, is always beautiful, and the beautiful never lacks proportion. --- Plato Rose Window Chartres Cathedral, Paris

Which Interior Is Which?

Which Vault Is Which?

Which Cathedral Style Is Which?

Cathedral of Mont-Saint Michel: A Fortress & A Church

Elements of Classical and Medieval Art

Characteristics of Classical Greek Art Expressed ideals of harmony, balance, order and moderation. Glorified human form…sought to idealize the human form; reaching for perfection Combined beauty and usefulness

Roman Copy of Myron’s Discobolus, Unknown Roman Artist, Marble Sculpture, Original c. 450 B.C. This statue, called the Discobolus, shows a man throwing a discuss The figure is presented at a point of perfect balance in the middle of a powerful action. His balanced pose and calm face make the difficult physical action look easy. His strong, defined body is carefully arranged into simple and harmonious shapes. He is neither an ordinary man nor a god, but he represents an ideal for the man in Greek society.

Grave Stele of Hegeso, Unknown Greek Artist, Marble Sculpture, c. 400 B.C. This Greek marble statue decorates a stele, a tall stone that marks a grave. This was made for a woman's grave The carving is not very deep. Still, the sculptor has managed to make the scene convincing and realistic— Notice how much larger the seated lady is than the standing one. The faces are smooth and calm, and the poses harmonious and balanced, yet the scene has a melancholy look, appropriate for its function

Bathing Venus, Unknown Roman Artist, Marble Sculpture, Original c. Third Century B.C. This marble sculpture was made by a Roman artist as a copy of a third century B.C. Greek Bronze statue. This sculpture expresses a serenity and balance that the ancient Greeks thought was ideal. Notice that the lines made by the parts of the woman's body all move inward and toward her. The shapes of the sculptures are soft and rounded, with a long, smooth line on one side and more complicated shapes on the other side. The outline of her whole body makes a simple shape.

Byzantine and Medieval Art For nearly a 1000 years, the art world came under the influence of the Christian church (5 th century to the 15 th ). Beginning with Emperor Constantine’s conversion to Christianity, the church began a strong cultural mandate in Western culture. The goal of art was to remind people of Jesus Christ, the saints and apostles and the story contained in Holy Scriptures. Depictions of Christ showed his wisdom and depth (a more adult-like face even when showing him as a child.) The Pagan world of classical art was frowned upon.

Relinquary, late 12c Late Medieval Church Art Chalice, paten, and straw, mid-13c

The Lady & the Unicorns, 1511 Medieval Tapestries from the Workshops in Flanders

Illuminated Manuscripts

Printed Psaltar Gregorian Chant

Medieval Embroidery The Bayeux Tapestry, 11 c

ÁSt. Francis’ Rule Approved ÁGiotto Á ? ÁTempera on wood and ground gold. Late Medieval Art

 The Epiphany Á Giotto Á 1320 Á Tempera on wood and ground gold. Medieval Religious Themes

ÁGiotto Á1305 ÁTempera on wood and ground gold. The Crucifixion

ÁThe Lamentation ÁGiotto, 1302 ÁTempera on wood and ground gold.

Medieval Art St. Peter with Keys Cathedral Carving Poitiers, France Detail of stained glass; From the cathedral at Chartres, France

Medieval Art Gargoyle; York Minster Cathedral The Nave of York Minster

Gregorian Chant The Origins of Written Music

The History of Gregorian Chant Named for Pope St. Gregory the Great ( ). It is believed that Gregory did not write any chants, but instead organized the many different schools of chant into one coherent form by developing the Antiphonary (written music). The Antiphonary is the oldest surviving form of written music.

What does Gregorian Chant look like?

 The beautiful artwork and decorations found throughout most chants gives them the name: Illuminated Manuscripts. Monks often spent months creating one chant.

What are all those squiggly bits?

Those squiggly bits are called NEUMES. Neumes are like musical notes without stems. The shape of each neume determines the rhythm and pitch of each note. Neumes eventually became modern day notes.

What language are they singing in?

Latin All of the text is in Latin. The reason for this is that Gregorian Chant is completely based in religion (Christianity). The text is directly from the Bible and sung during religious services. Each chant has a specific function, much like Hymns do. Today, chant is still used in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.

So…what does it sound like?