Emile Durkheim ( )

Personal Information Born April 1858 Jewish section of Epinal, France Family: Close-knit Not wealthy but respected Hey Hey Durkheim Hey Hey Durkheim

Personal Information 1887 first faculty appointment 1887 first faculty appointment 1 st Sociology course. of Social Sciences Chair: Dept. of Social Sciences (University of Bordeaux) (University of Bordeaux), 2 children Married, 2 children (Son, Andre died in WWI) (Son, Andre died in WWI) at 59 Died at 59

Social Environment Rapid industrialization Rapid industrialization Conflict: Workers and Owners Paris Commune (1871) Workers seized Paris Established egalitarian republic Government destroyed commune Killed 20,000 working-class people

Social Environment: France History of Political Instability Monarchy of Louis XVI French Revolution (1789) Dictatorship of Napoleon I ( ) Restoration of Bourbon monarchy Bourbons overthrown (1830)

Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

Napoleon I

History of Political Instability Monarchy of Louis Philippe Revolution ended monarchy (1848) 2 nd Republic ( ) Emperor Napoleon III ( ) Nephew of Napoleon I Deposed after defeat in Franco-Prussian War

Louis Philippe

Napoleon III (Nephew of Napoleon I)

History of Political Instability Durkheim lived in 3 rd Republic People had lost moral unity Remnants of previous governments People supported: Democracy Monarchy Socialism

Durkheim’s 3 Basic Concerns 1) Instability Economic Economic Political Political 2) Violence Workers & employers Workers & employers Between nations Between nations Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism 3) Decadence Self-centered Self-centered No sense of community No sense of community

Sociology the Solution Purpose of Sociology=Explain how to make modern society work Purpose of Sociology=Explain how to make modern society work Develop positivist laws Develop positivist laws Solve problems Solve problems Address moral crises Address moral crises Create stability Create stability

Morality Morality composed of three elements: Discipline (Constrains egoistic impulses) Attachment (Voluntarily join groups) Autonomy (Individual responsibility)

Sources of Morality Education Provides children with moral tools Occupational associations Adults acquire morals

Intellectual Influences Kant Kant Morality without divinity Morality without divinity Sense of duty Sense of duty Saint-Simon Saint-Simon Sociology->Moral laws Sociology->Moral laws Hold society together Hold society together

Intellectual Influences Comte Comte Focus: Social stability & change Focus: Social stability & change Spencer Spencer Social evolution Social evolution

Ideas Social Solidarity Social Solidarity Dynamic Density Dynamic Density Social Facts Social Facts Collective Consciousness Collective Consciousness Collective Representations Collective Representations Social Currents Social Currents Society as a distinct social reality Society as a distinct social reality Individual as Dualistic Individual as Dualistic

Social Solidarity 1) Mechanical Solidarity Non-industrial societies Minimal division of labor Few occupations Similarity bound people together

Social Solidarity 2) Organic Solidarity More advanced societies (industrial) Increased division of labor Many occupations Difference and Interdependency create solidarity

Mw Dynamic Density Number of people in society Amount of interaction

Social Facts “Ways of acting, thinking, & feeling, external to the individual & endowed with the power of coercion, by reason of which they control him.” “Ways of acting, thinking, & feeling, external to the individual & endowed with the power of coercion, by reason of which they control him.” Independent of any single individual Independent of any single individual Only explained by other social facts Only explained by other social facts

Social Facts-3 General Types 1. Material facts Social structures Economy, Family, Social class Morphological Facts Form and Structure Population size and density Geographical location

Social Facts (cont.) 2. Nonmaterial facts Norms Values Collective representations Collective consciousness

Social Facts (cont.) 3. Social currents Not as clearly formed Not as clearly formed Examples: Examples: Enthusiasm in crowds Enthusiasm in crowds Indignation in crowds Indignation in crowds Depression in particular social groups Depression in particular social groups

Collective Consciousness Totality of beliefs & sentiments common to the average member of society Totality of beliefs & sentiments common to the average member of society Exists before individuals Exists before individuals Survives individuals Survives individuals

Collective Consciousness (cont.) Experienced as external force Experienced as external force Shapes behavior Shapes behavior Varies from society to society Varies from society to society Based on division of labor Based on division of labor

Collective Consciousness 4 dimensions 1. Volume=Number of people involved 2. Intensity=How deeply people feel about the belief 3. Rigidity=Clarity of the definition 4. Content=Form collective consciousness takes

4 Dimensions Marriage in Feudal Societies (Mechanical Societies) Volume=Most people involved Intensity=Felt deeply about it Rigidity=Clearly defined Content=Religious & economic

4 Dimensions Marriage Today (Organic Society) Volume=Large # but smaller % of population Volume=Large # but smaller % of population Intensity=Feel less deeply Intensity=Feel less deeply Rigidity=Less clearly defined Rigidity=Less clearly defined Content=Personal choice Content=Personal choice

Collective Representations (Specific state of collective consciousness) Examples: Norms, values, & beliefs Of various groups (e.g., family, schools) Not reducible to or dependent on individual Form a collective consciousness

Social Currents Less clearly formed than Collective representations Less clearly formed than Collective representations Examples: Examples: Enthusiasm or pity in crowds Enthusiasm or pity in crowds Depression & disillusionment in segments of society Depression & disillusionment in segments of society

Society & Social Reality Society as a distinct form of social reality Society as a distinct form of social reality Cannot be reduced to biology or psychology Cannot be reduced to biology or psychology Society is not the mere sum of its parts Society is not the mere sum of its parts

Individual as Dualistic Individual part and Social part Individual part and Social part Individual part Individual part Bioorganic Bioorganic Inborn Inborn Self-centered Self-centered

Individual as Dualistic Social Part Social Part Develops through interaction Develops through interaction Socialization Socialization Altruistic Altruistic Group oriented Group oriented Needs nurturing & developing Needs nurturing & developing

Anomie Norms (expectations for behavior) are: Norms (expectations for behavior) are: Confused Confused Unclear or Unclear or Not present Not present Normlessness Normlessness

Anomie Modern individuals insufficiently integrated into society -> Modern individuals insufficiently integrated into society -> Weakening bonds Weakening bonds Social regulation breaks down Social regulation breaks down Societal control on individual desires & interests is ineffective Societal control on individual desires & interests is ineffective Individuals on their own Individuals on their own

Anomie Human’s dual nature-> Breakdown of morals Human’s dual nature-> Breakdown of morals Rising rates of deviance Rising rates of deviance Social unrest Social unrest Unhappiness Unhappiness Stress Stress

Research Suicide rates are social facts 4 types of suicide: 1. Egoistic 2. Altruistic 3. Anomic 4. Fatalistic

Egoistic Suicide Low social integration Low social integration Group solidarity declined Group solidarity declined Individual must depend on self Individual must depend on self Excessive individualism Excessive individualism Vulnerable groups: Vulnerable groups: Urban dwellers Urban dwellers Industrial workers Industrial workers Protestants Protestants Unmarried men Unmarried men

Altruistic Suicide High social integration High social integration Excessive integration into group Excessive integration into group Completely absorbed by group Completely absorbed by group Duty to commit suicide for group Duty to commit suicide for group Examples: Examples: More in less “civilized” societies More in less “civilized” societies One group in modern society— Army One group in modern society— Army

Anomic Suicide Low social regulation Low social regulation Breakdown of moral community Breakdown of moral community No rules or vague rules No rules or vague rules Examples: Examples: Adolescents Adolescents Older white men Older white men

Fatalistic Suicide Excessive social regulation Excessive social regulation Too tightly controlled Too tightly controlled Few choices Few choices Examples: Examples: Slaves Slaves Very young husbands Very young husbands Married women when divorce not available Married women when divorce not available

Contribution to Sociology Institutionalized Sociology Institutionalized Sociology Taught first class Taught first class Defined sociology’s area of research Defined sociology’s area of research Research illustrated sociology’s usefulness Research illustrated sociology’s usefulness

Contribution to Sociology Set the standard for research style & presentation Set the standard for research style & presentation Literature review Literature review Theoretical context Theoretical context Testable hypotheses Testable hypotheses Use of statistics Use of statistics Implications of findings Implications of findings