n Erana Cooper – “learning the language of the heart” n Emotions are a vocabulary in building relationships n Supported by research & theorising locally & elsewhere Ingrid Huygens Engaging with Maori: Using our heads and hearts

Keynote points from Erana Cooper  Be informed about history  Our emotional responses situated in long histories of the Maori-Tauiwi relationship  Understand how historical & contemporary actions generate protest & struggle for Maori  Incorporate understanding of historical trauma into our practice as psychologists

“Emotion is the chief source of all becoming- consciousness. There can be no transforming of darkness into light and of apathy into movement without emotion” (Jung, 1938)

How are tauiwi doing with the language of the heart? 1700s – 1860s 1700s – 1860s Needed and wanted a relationship, negotiated a treaty 1850s – 1970s brutal indifference 1850s – 1970s Pakeha had numbers & ideology – brutal indifference 1970s onwards 1970s onwards Re-engagement, asking ‘Why are you angry?’ Ongoing ignoring + listening Ongoing complacency + remorse Ongoing dismissal + discomfort Ongoing betrayals + changes

Emotions in patterns of relationship (Gergen & colleagues, 1994)  Emotions are features, not of individuals, but of relationships  Emotions are internal events within relationships, intelligible through cultural interpretations  Emotional sequences are cultural habits, so.... there are always new patterns that can be learned

Emotional sequences (Gergen & colleagues, 1994) Anger – query – explanation (blame) – anger /defense/hostility – anger..... Anger – query – blame – remorse – caution/compassion/anger... Anger – query – explanation – empathy/ confirmation... Some emotions were end-points – guilt, acknowledgment, confirmation

Question: How do Pakeha change? Network Waitangi Whanganui-a-Tara, 2003

Pakeha awakenings through -  Emotional responses to stories of pain & struggle  Standing in the shoes of the other – empathy, compassion  Shock at disturbing statistics Network Waitangi Whangarei, 2003

First steps in learning & change for Pakeha/t First steps in learning & change for Pakeha/tauiwi - shock, pain, grief  Responding to Maori stories of pain and dispossession – shock, pain, grief... discomfort, unease, remorse  Being critically challenged by Maori – discomfort, unease, remorse... gratitude, ease, confidence  Being immersed in supportive Maori environments – gratitude, ease, confidence... Network Waitangi Otepoti, 2003

Network Waitangi Otautahi, 2003

Waitangi Associates, 2003

Hawkes Bay Treaty workers, 2003 empathy, guilt & fearaction & hope Work with our processes of empathy, guilt & fear to create myriad connections of action & hope, by... Emotional work in Maori-Tauiwi relationships Emotional work in Maori-Tauiwi relationships -

Freedom Roadworks, 2003 Decolonisation for tauiwi Decolonisation for tauiwi – pain & vulnerability  Feeling pain & vulnerability of own ancestors displaced from their lands denial & distancing  Understanding process of denial & distancing of such history Relief & hope  Relief & hope at building new relationships in this country

Weber & Carter (2003)  Trust as optimism, a distinctive way of seeing the other flavoured by expectation of goodwill from the other.  Requires a shared moral code in the social milieu Megan Boler (1999)  Emotions guide moral & ethical evaluations, help us envision future possibilities and who we want to become. Promising work elsewhere

Promising local work Maria Humphries, Betsan Martin & Te Kawehou Hoskins  Relational ethics  Response-ability in relationship.

Promising local work Arama Rata Forgiveness is the END of a complex process of:  rongo  rongo (commitment to restore relationships)  whakapapa  whakapapa (interconnectedness between people, places, and events over time, forming identity)  kaupapa  kaupapa (agenda based on costs/benefits of forgiveness).

Contact Ingrid Huygens for conference paper Using the language of the heart is complex, and necessary,,,

References Boler, M. (1999). Feeling power: Emotions and education. New York: Routledge. Campbell, R. (2000). The emotionality of social change. The Community Psychologist, 32(5), Gergen, K. J. (1994). Realities and relationships: Soundings in social construction (pp. Chapter 9, P Emotion in relationship). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Huygens, I. (2007). Processes of Pakeha change in response to the Treaty of Waitangi. Hamilton: University of Waikato. Narayan, U. (1988). Working together across difference: Some considerations on emotions and political practice. Hypatia, 3(2), Rata, A., Liu, J. H., & Hanke, K. (2008). Te Ara Hohou Rongo (The Path to Peace): Maori Conceptualisations of Inter-group Forgiveness. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 37(2 July). Weber, L. R., & Carter, A. I. (2003). The social construction of trust. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.