SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. TERMS Weathering : breakdown of pre-existing rock – Physical or chemical breakdown Erosion: transport of sediment on Earth’s surface.

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Presentation transcript:

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

TERMS Weathering : breakdown of pre-existing rock – Physical or chemical breakdown Erosion: transport of sediment on Earth’s surface

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Introduction Detrital Rocks Chemical/Organic Rocks Classification Lithification

Sedimentary Rocks Introduction

INTRODUCTION Origin – Only form at Earth’s surface – Weathering of pre-existing rock into soluble and insoluble sediments – Erosion of sediments – Deposition of solid sediment – Precipitation of dissolved sediment GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks Detrital Rocks

“Detrital” from “detritus” - debris Composed of solid sediment grains Distinguished by size of grains GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks Detrital rock with large grains Detrital rock with smaller grains

Shale Most abundant sedimentary rock – 2/3 of all sedimentary rock is shale Made of clay grains – Microscopic sheets – From chemical weathering of feldspar GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Detrital

Shale GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Detrital From: From: claysandminerals.com Scanning electron microscope image of shale showing flat clay grains. Scale bar is cm.

Shale Formation Quiet environment Burial and compaction of clay grains Not cemented Weak GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Detrital From: From: geoexpro.com

Sandstone Cemented sand-size grains Sand: 1/16mm – 2mm diameter Quartz is predominant mineral GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Detrital

CONGLOMERATE/BRECCIA Cemented gravel-size grains Gravel: greater than 2mm GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Detrital CONGLOMERATE has rounded gravelBRECCIA has angular gravel

Sedimentary Rocks Chemical Rocks

Dissolved sediment precipitates out of solution as crystals “Inorganic” processes: e.g. evaporation, chemical activity “Biochemical” processes, e.g. growth of shells GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks From: rogerdhansen.wordpress.com Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah

Chemical Rocks: Limestones Composed mainly of calcite (CaCO 3 ) Several kinds – Some biochemical and some inorganic Most form in marine environments GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Chemical

Biochemical Limestones GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Chemical From: From: seashellsbymillhill.com From: proprofs.com Fossil limestone -Shells + matrix -Hard Coquina -Shells only -Fragile Chalk -Microscopic plankton shells -Very soft

Biochemical Limestones GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Chemical Chalk under a scanning electron microscope, showing shells (round) and calcite crystals. Scale bar is cm. From: From: greenelectron-images.co.uk

Inorganic Limestones GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Chemical Micrite -Microscopic calcite crystals -Precipitated from oversaturated seawater Travertine -“Cave rock” -Porous From: www4.uwm.edu From: russianriverschoolhouse.com

Chemical Rocks: Chert Biochemical Composed mainly of microcrystalline quartz Very hard; sharp edges Made from compacted microscopic plankton shells GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Chemical

Chemical Rocks: Evaporites Inorganic Evaporation of water (usually salt water) Rock salt, rock gypsum GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Chemical Bonneville Salt Flats, the ancient floor of Lake Bonneville, a salty lake now mostly evaporated

Chemical Rocks: Coal Organic, no minerals Chemically altered dead plant matter Need oxygen- poor water GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Chemical From: eis.uow.edu.au

Sedimentary Rocks Classification

Classification: Detrital GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks

Classification: Chemical GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks Lithification

How sediment becomes rock “Lith” = stone GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Lithification

Lithification Processes Compaction Cementation GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Lithification

Lithification Begins with deposition & burial of sediment under more sediment GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Lithification

Compaction Decreases porosity (empty space) Drives out water Can make flat grains stick together GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Lithification

New crystals form between grains Precipitation out of groundwater Fills in remaining porosity Cementation GEOL 131: Sedimentary Rocks - Lithification From: unibe.ch From: northstonematerials.com Original sand grain Cement crystals

End of Sedimentary Rocks