Author name here for Edited books Chapter 2 Inclusive Recreation History and Legislation 2 chapter Rodney Dieser and Kathleen G. Scholl

This country will not be a good place for any of us to live in unless we make it a good place for all of us to live in. –President Theodore Roosevelt

Why Understanding History Is Important Understanding the past helps us –avoid repeating past mistakes, –learn from past successes, and –predict the consequences of actions. Understanding the history of a profession provides a professional identity. Historical research creates and shapes current perceptions of reality.

Evolution of Inclusion Historically, people outside societal norms have been mistreated and marginalized. Ancient Greece Renaissance in Italy Age of Reason –Europe –America

20th-Century America Before 1950 –Racism and segregation dominated –Forced assimilation into “whitestream” culture –Disability viewed as social and economic burden –Forced sterilization was commonplace After 1950 –Deinstitutionalization during the ’60s and ’70s –The normalization principle –Inclusion movement was widespread by the ’90s

Legislation in the United States Minority groups have historically been invisible in the United States. Starting in the early 20th century, a series of Civil Rights Acts were passed into law. Litigation has and continues to shape the provisions of these laws.

Early Achievements Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 Rehabilitation Legislation –Smith-Sear Veterans Vocational Rehabilitation Act –Fess-Smith Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS –1954 Supreme Court case –Ruled that segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Guarantees basic civil rights to all Americans regardless of race –Includes recreation facilities –Miller v. Amusement Enterprises (1966) Did not address discrimination based on disability status, sex, or age

Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 Provides equal environmental access for all people. Set accessibility standards for agencies, organizations, and businesses. Covers both facilities and programs. Includes all facets of parks, recreation, and tourism. Initial effect was minimal, but led to later passage of the ADA.

Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 Requires federally funded educational institutions to provide women with educational treatment, opportunity, and resources equal to those provided for men for most of its programs and activities. Title IX is not just sports. –Academic study (e.g., science, medicine, and law) –Health care and dormitory facilities –Nonsport activities and school clubs

Rehab Act of 1973 Provides equal access for people with disabilities through the removal of –architectural barriers, –employment barriers, and –transportation barriers. Further supported the rights of persons with disabilities through affirmative action. Section 504 and the San Francisco sit-in.

Individuals picketing at the U.N. Plaza in front of the Federal Building in San Francisco, California on April 5, 1977.

Age Discrimination Acts Age Discrimination Act of 1975 Age Employment Act of 1967

The Right to Education Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 1990 –1997 Amendments –2004 Amendments –Provides for free and appropriate public education No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Provides for physical and programmatic access in these areas: –Employment (Title I) –Government services (Title IIa) –Transportation (Title IIb) –Public service (Title III) –Telecommunications (Title IV) Intent is for full participation, inclusion, and integration of people with disabilities.

Summary Understanding our history is important. In the past, recreation was used to abuse, humiliate, and marginalize people outside societal norms. This history should not be forgotten so that contemporary leisure professionals feel an ethical obligation to go beyond minimal standards in providing inclusive services.