1 Fauna Can anything made by man, even get close to beauty of nature?

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45 Dynamic Equilibrium of Ecosystems Every creature has a purpose! Everything that ABOUT the creature has a purpose Every species has a niche

46 Nature has a way of keeping things balanced

47 Biodiversity “Biodiversity is the total variety of life on earth. It includes all genes, species and ecosystems and the ecological processes of which they are a part” (Convention on Biodiversity, 1992) “Biodiversity is the total variety of life on earth. It includes all genes, species and ecosystems and the ecological processes of which they are a part” (Convention on Biodiversity, 1992)

48 Ways to maintain biodiversity Migration Migration Natural Disasters Natural Disasters Disease Disease Adaptation Adaptation Climate fluctuations Climate fluctuations Name some more???? Name some more???? Conservation- human action Conservation- human action

49 Migration Why do birds migrate? Why do birds migrate? What happens to the migration patterns when climate changes? What happens to the migration patterns when climate changes? Think about and write it down!!! Think about and write it down!!!

50 Short Distance Migrations: Warmer temperatures may help birds that travel short distances. They are able to expand their ranges. For example, the Tufted Titmouse is found in more northern areas each year. Long Distance Migrations: Changing seasonal temperatures disrupt the timing of some birds. This is dangerous for birds that have especially long migration routes. If birds leave later and later each year, they risk not arriving at their destination in time. Stop Migrating: Some birds may stop migrating all together if winters become milder each year. These birds then face the danger of surprise cold periods. Rising Sea Levels: Higher sea levels from melting ice at poles are destroying wetlands around the world. Estuarine systems are being becoming more saline and food chains that support migratory birds get disrupted. Birds rely on wetlands for rest stops. Expanding Deserts: Some birds, especially those that migrate from Europe to Africa need to travel over large deserts. Deserts are becoming larger because of dryer climates. This means that birds face the risk of having to travel over larger areas before being able to find water, food, and rest.

51 Human Factor Climate changes Climate changes Habitat destruction/fragmentation Habitat destruction/fragmentation Reduction of biodiversity Reduction of biodiversity Empty niches=unbalanced Empty niches=unbalanced Introduction of non native species Introduction of non native species Lack natural control factors Lack natural control factors Conservation Conservation National Forests National Forests Endangered Species Act Endangered Species Act

52 Habitat destruction/fragmentation Reduction of biodiversity Empty niches=unbalanced From Wilcove 1996

53 Habitat fragmentation Above and beyond habitat loss Above and beyond habitat loss Isolation: reduced immigration, re- colonization Isolation: reduced immigration, re- colonization Edge effects Edge effects From Primack 2002 The forested areas of Warwickshire, England

54 Nonnative species Competitive Large leaf area Rapid growth rate Often in dense stands Strong reproductive pressure Early maturity Prolific seed production Vegetative reproduction Tolerant and adaptive Rapid response to disturbance Release from natural enemies Hybrid vigor

55 Some species of particular concern to forest management

56 Conservation National Forests National Forests Endangered Species Act Endangered Species Act 2010 Photo Gallery 2010 Photo Gallery 2010 Photo Gallery 2010 Photo Gallery

57 Natural Disasters ABC News - Japan Earthquake: before and after - Part 2 ABC News - Japan Earthquake: before and after - Part 2 ABC News - Japan Earthquake: before and after - Part 2 ABC News - Japan Earthquake: before and after - Part 2 Name some Natural Disasters… Name some Natural Disasters… Clears the land and helps to initiate succession. Clears the land and helps to initiate succession.

58 Recap! Ecosystems are sensitive. Ecosystems are sensitive. Everything has a purpose. Everything has a purpose. All actions that are placed upon an ecosystem influence more then just that single aspect. All actions that are placed upon an ecosystem influence more then just that single aspect.