Topic 5 Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic

QUESTION: Type of reproduction that makes genetically identical clones ANSWER: Asexual

QUESTION: Type of asexual used by bacteria ANSWER: Binary fission

QUESTION: The process which generates genetically identical “buds” that break off to become a new organism is called/the process in which a fragment is broken off of an organism and grows into a new organism is called ANSWER: Budding/fragmentation (regeneration)

QUESTION: Describe what happens during sexual reproduction. What is the name of the cell produced; is it diploid or haploid? How are gametes produced; are they diploid or haploid? ANSWER: Egg (female) and sperm (male) fuse to create a diploid zygote. Gametes are produced by meiosis and are haploid

QUESTION: How is binary fission related to mitosis in terms of evolution? ANSWER: Binary fission would have evolved into mitosis as the DNA content increased dramatically and also the endosymbiont hypothesis occurred to produce “organelles; the two major steps are synthesis and division

QUESTION: This generation produces diploid spores ANSWER: sporophyte

QUESTION: This generation in plants produces haploid gametes ANSWER: gametophyte

QUESTION: What is the name of the process that produces haploid spores from diploid ones? ANSWER: meiosis

QUESTION: What is the meant by “alternation of generations”? ANSWER: The diploid sporophyte generation producing spores which must undergo meiosis to become haploid spores; the haploid spores become gametophytes that produce haploid gametes

QUESTION: Why is the “alternation of generations” considered to be sexual reproduction in plants? What happens to the diploid zygote? ANSWER: The sperm and egg from the gametophyte generation fuse together during fertilization producing a zygote; the zygote then grows into the sporophyte

QUESTION: The inside lining of the uterus; it thickens to prepare for implantation of an embryo ANSWER: endometrium

QUESTION: Ovaries are responsible for the production of what hormones? ANSWER: Estrogen and progesterone

QUESTION: Which hormone is produced by the hypothalamus: FSH, LH, GnRH, estrogen, progesterone? ANSWER: GnRH

QUESTION: FSH and LH are hormones released from the ____________. Are they synergistic or antagonistic? FSH stimulates? LH stimulates? ANSWER: Anterior pituitary Synergistic Follicle maturation ovulation

QUESTION: How many days is the average menstrual cycle? List and describe the phases for Day 1-5, Day 5-13, Day 14, Day 14-25, Day What happens when GnRH production ends? ANSWER: 28 days 1-5 (menstrual flow phase, shedding the endometrium) 5-13 (proliferative phase, new endometrium forms) 14 (Ovulation) secretory phase, endometrium secretes sugary substance 25-28, endometrium breaks down for menstrual flow menopause

QUESTION: The part of the sperm had digestive enzymes which eat through the egg’s protective jelly coating ANSWER: acrosome

QUESTION: Programmed cell death; the opposite of mitosis ANSWER: Apoptosis

QUESTION: rapid cell division (mitosis) within the fertilized egg that creates a morula is called? Why type of cells are found in the blastula? ANSWER: Cleavage Stem cells

QUESTION: Distinguish protostomes and deuterostomes. Be sure to include the origin. ANSWER: Protostomes make the mouth first, then work towards the anus Deuterostomes make the anus, then work towards the mouth Blastopore/archenteron

QUESTION: Trace the development of a fertilized egg to an embryo. What are the 3 layers formed in the gastrula. What do the 3 layers give rise to? ANSWER: Fertilized egg, cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula, embryo Endoderm (digestive organs, lungs, bladder), ectoderm (skin, CNS), mesoderm (muscles, bones, kidneys)

QUESTION: What animals possess amnions? ANSWER: Birds, reptiles, mammals, and monotreme eggs

QUESTION: What are examples of how bacteria can increase their genetic variability? ANSWER: Transformation Transduction conjugation

QUESTION: List 3 ways in which plants use asexual methods of reproduction. ANSWER: Fragmentation (a piece of the original plants breaks off) Cutting (man removes a piece and puts water in the soil) Grafting (combining two different plants) Tissue cultures (uses plants cells to make clones)

QUESTION: What are the 3 phases of sexual reproduction in fungi? Describe each. ANSWER: Plasmogamy (fusion of the cytoplasms) Karyogamy (fusion of the nuclei) Meiosis (diploid to haploid)

QUESTION: Define apoptosis. Give an example of how it occurs during organismal development. ANSWER: Programmed cell death; finger and toe formation