CHAPTER 5 LECTURE OUTLINE MIGRATION FLOWS Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5-1

Migration versus Movement Migration A permanent relocation of one’s place of residence; usually long-distance Can be international or internal (within a country) Immigration—migration into a country Emigration—migration exiting a country Movement Temporary relocation Example: guest workers allowed to work in a country for a limited amount of time 5-2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Types of Migration 1 Generally, when we talk about migration we are referring to large groups of people, however: the definition of large differs by the base size of the country. Ten is a large number if you start with a basis of 100, but not if you start with a basis of 1,000 Free Migration Deciding to migrate without coercion, support, or compulsion Restricted Migration Migration that is limited by laws, quotas, etc. 5-3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Types of Migration 2 We usually think of Restricted Migration in terms of limits on immigration, but there can also be limits on emigration. The Berlin Wall is a notable example. Impelled & Forced Migration Impelled Migration occurs when people are in an environment that gives them strong reason to migrate, but are not literally required to. Forced Migration occurs when people literally have no choice. Rural-to-Urban Migration 5-4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5-5 Figure 5B.2—see p. 94 Major World Migrations Number 2, and to a lesser extent Number 9, are included because of ethnocentrism.

Measuring Migration Gross Migration (gross means total amount) The total # of people that leave & enter a country Net Migration (net means total minus a subset) The difference between the # of people who leave & the # of people who enter Out-Migration (measure of emigration) The total # of people who leave a country In-Migration (measure of immigration) The total # of people who arrive in a country 5-6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Migration Issues—Human Trafficking Definition: “The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by threat or use of force…” – in other words Slavery 600,000 – 800,000 per year “People Smuggling” is the shipping of people to circumvent immigration laws May begin as free or forced 5-7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5-8 Figure 5C.1—see p. 96 Human Trafficking and People Smuggling Why the red arrow?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5-9 Figure 5C.3—see p. 97 Child Soldiers ≈300,000 (not really a migration issue, but often a form of human trafficking)

Migration Issues — Refugees 1 Definition: “A person living outside of his or her own country who cannot return home because of fear of injury or persecution.” 12 million people worldwide are refugees or asylum seekers (the temporary status of someone waiting to be accepted as a refugee) Internally Displaced Persons A person displaced in his or her own country About 24 million people worldwide Repatriation The process of moving refugees back into their home country 5-10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Migration Issues — Refugees 2 Initially, some refugees hope and intend to return home Cuban-Americans Other refugees never intend to return home South Vietnamese Over time, some refugees who had originally intended to return home (or their children) are assimilated into the host culture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-11

Why do People Migrate? Models 1 Ravenstein’s Laws 1.More people migrate a short distance than a long distance. 2.There is a flow of migrants from remote areas to less remote areas and finally to the cities. Step Migration 3.Flows of migration also create small counterflows. 4.Long-distance migrants are more likely to be heading to a major city. 5.Urban residents are less likely to migrate than are people who live in the country. 6.Women migrate more than men, but they tend to migrate shorter distances. Ravenstein believed that long-distance migrants were more apt to be men Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Why do People Migrate? Models 2 Distance Decay Aka Zipf’s Law As the distance between two places increases, the volume of interaction between these places decreases Gravity Model The interaction between two cities is a function of each city’s population and the distance between them ij > it > jt 5-13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Why do People Migrate? Models 3 Push-Pull Model (Everett Lee, 1966) People migrate because conditions where they are “push” them People migrate because conditions where they are going “pull” them In summary, people migrate to where conditions are better, but Intervening obstacles may affect a migrant’s decision 5-14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Why do People Migrate? Models 4 Factor Mobility Model Migrants migrate from low- to high-wage areas Human Capital Model People migrate for both economics and for personal reasons Life Cycle Factors Migration occurs at significant times in migrants’ lives Intervening Opportunities While migrating from A to B, migrants may become aware of other opportunities Migrants may stop before they reach their original destination 5-15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Consequences of Migration Demographic Consequences Migration can change the size, age composition, and ethnic composition of a population US population profile vs. Australia’s Economic Consequences May be positive or negative Do migrants help or hurt a country? Social Consequences Can lead to cultural assimilation or cultural conflict 5-16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Migration History of the U.S. 1 Colonial Period 1600 – American Revolution Mostly Northern Europeans & African Slaves 1 st Wave of European Immigration 1800 – 1880 Western & Northern Europeans 2 nd Wave of European Immigration 1880 – 1921 Mostly Southern & Eastern Europe Hundreds of thousands per year 5-17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Migration History of the U.S. 2 Contemporary 1980 – present Increasingly Asian and Latin American > 12 million “undocumented” Themes The migrants—settle in compatriot communities The inhabitants—to welcome or not to welcome 1921—roll back to 1910 > no post-WWI immigrants 1924—roll back to 1890, Ø Asians amnesty Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-18

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Figure 5G.1—see p. 106 U.S. Immigration by Year 1921—Emergency Quota Act; 1924—Immigration Act; 1986—Immigration Reform and Control Act

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Figure 5G.4—see p. 107 U.S. Immigration by Region of Origin

Boundaries and Borderlands Boundaries are an essential aspect of a political unit; they are recognized lines that separate one unit from another International boundaries separate one “state” (i.e., country) from another A borderland is the area that surrounds the boundary A border is an area, a boundary is a line Effective state territory can include “de jure” areas—legally controlled territory “de facto” areas—territory controlled without legal recognition by the international community Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Types of Boundaries Basis Natural (fixed) boundaries natural features divide countries rivers or mountains Geometric (arbitrary) boundaries Lines drawn on a map without reference to the natural landscape Chronology Antecedent boundaries Boundaries created before—theoretically, before an area is known or populated Subsequent boundaries Boundaries created after “recognized settlement” Often drawn to separate existing cultural groups Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

2016 – The State of Oregon Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-23

2026 – Three States Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-24