INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: PRINCIPLES, DESIGN, UTILIZATION AND EVALUTION ASSOCIATE PROF. DR. ABU BAKAR IBRAHIM EDU 555 CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION

Why Do We Need Instructional Materials?? Information received by the brain comes through our senses in following proportion: 1) Sight – 83% 2) Hearing – 11% 3) Smell – 3.5% 4) Touch – 1.5% 5) Taste– 1%

Why Do We Need Instructional Materials?? We remember, on average: 1)10% of what we read 2)20% of what we hear 3)30% of what we see 4)50% of what we see and hear 5)80% of what we say 6)90% of what we say and do

ASSURE MODEL This model is intended to as a guide to design instructional materials and assure effective use of media and materials in instruction A – Analyze Learners S – State Objectives S – Select Methods, Media, and Materials U- Utilize Media and Materials R – Require Learner Participation E – Evaluate and Revise

Analyze Learners 1.General characteristics – background, etc 2.Specific entry competencies – prerequisite knowledge and skill – entry test or preassessment measure 3.Learning Syles

Analyze Learners 1) Who are they? -what they already know -what are their learning characteristics -what they need or want to learn - why they need it - in what environment will they apply the learning

Analyze Learners 2) What knowledge, skills and attitudes need to be taught?? 3) How much content do you need in your instruction?? - set the scope of the content to be covered  time required and topic areas

State Objectives Why it is important?? 1.We must know our objectives in order to make appropriate selection of method and media 2.To help assure proper evaluation – whether students achieved an objectives 3.Learning and teaching become objective oriented

State Objective 1)What are your objectives? 2)What skills, knowledge and attitudes are you trying to develop? 3)What resources and strategies will you see in your instruction? 4)How will you structure the content of your learning materials?

State Objectives ABCDs of well stated objectives Audience Behaviour Conditions Degree

State Objectives REMEMBER: Objectives are not intended to limit what students learn but rather to provide a minimum level of expected achievement Therefore: acknowledge individual differences in stating the objectives

Select Methods, Media and Materials 3 steps: 1)Deciding on the appropriate method 2)Choosing a media format that is suitable for carrying out the method 3)Selecting, modifying or designing specific materials within that media format

Select Methods, Media and Materials 1)Deciding on the appropriate teaching methods – lecture?? Simulation? Discussion?? 2)Choosing a media format - the physical form in which a message is incorporated and displayed

Select Methods, Media and Materials 2) Choosing a media format -media format include flip charts, slides, audio, film, video, computer - each has different strengths and limitations - Consider instructional setting or situation, learner variables, nature of the objectives

Select Methods, Media and Materials 2) Selecting, modifying or designing specific materials within that media format a) Selecting available materials - ‘off the shelf’: ready made and available

Select Methods, Media and Materials a) Selecting available materials how to make an appropriate choice from available materials?? - involving the Media Specialist - surveying the sources – through 3 types of guides: 1) Compressive guide, 2)Selective guides and 3) Evaluative guide

Select Methods, Media and Materials a)Selecting available materials Selection criteria: - does it match the curriculum? - Is it accurate and current? - does it contain clear and concise language? - will it arouse motivation and maintain interest? -is it of good technical quality?

Select Methods, Media and Materials a)Selecting available materials Selection criteria: - is there evidence of its effectiveness? -is it free from objectionable bias and advertising? - is a user guide or other documentation included?

Select Methods, Media and Materials b) Modifying available materials -if we cannot locate entirely suitable materials off the shelf, we might be modify what is available WARNING: do not violate copyright laws and restrictions

Select Methods, Media and Materials c) Designing new materials Consider: -Objectives -Audience -Cost -Technical expertise – to design and produce the materials -Equipment – to produce or use the materials -Facilities – available or not?? -Time – do have a time to design new materials??

Utilize Media and Materials Involved in teaching students how to make use of learning materials

Utilize Media and Materials Follow the 5 Ps: 1) Preview the materials - to avoid embarrassment - to avoid sensitive content 2) Prepare the materials -determine in what sequence the materials will be used

Utilize Media and Materials 3) Prepare the environment - location - situation 4) Prepare the learners Proper warm-up: -overview of the lesson, rationale of the lesson

Utilize Media and Materials 5) Provide the learning experience - showmanship -teacher centred or students centred??

Require Learner Participation Some media formats can attract students to participate more than others

Evaluate and Revise 1) Evaluation of learner achievement - whether the students are learned what supposed to be learned? - method of evaluation depending on the nature of the objectives

Evaluate and Revise By both teachers and students Provide the basis for improvement and development of the materials (instruction)

Evaluate and Revise 2) Evaluation of Media and Methods - were the instructional media and method effective?? -could they be improved? -through: class discussion, interviews and observation of student behaviour

Evaluate and Revise Revision -Sit back and look at the results of our evaluation data gathering - where are there discrepancies between what we intended to happen and what did happen? - how did the students react to our materials? -are we satisfied with the materials?