1/14/10 By : Brandon Mort, Jaquell Dewberry, Jordan Taylor

1/14/10 Columbus’s voyages made a new era of interactions called the Colombian exchange. The Colombian Exchange started both catastrophes and new opportunities for the Europeans. The Amerindian population estimated from 33 million to 50 million in Then the Europeans came and brought along diseases that the people of the new world wasn’t immune to. Such as measles, small pox, whooping cough, bubonic plague, malaria, and influenza dropping the population to 4.5 million making disease the largest demographic killer.

1/14/10 Links between the hemispheres brought an exchange of new food sources. South America’s cassava traveled to Africa, and Asia, the white potatoes traveled to Europe, and sweet potatoes went to china as did maize. Wheat from the old world crop came to the new world along with the domestication of animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs goats, horses, were all imported from the old world to the new. Due to these exchanges the population rises from 500 million to 6 billion.

1/14/10 The three areas the Dutch, Spain, and France, all concentrated on the Caribbean for the potential profits of plantations. North America had its own attraction for farmers, artisans, laborers, and agricultural workers. Many earlier settlers were kicked out due to the price revolution by the availability of silver. The influx on precious metals inflated prices and wages did not keep place. Pressured by the decline in the economy's condition people of these margins and the European sought the opportunity of new frontiers in North America. Europeans invaded Virginia to seek for gold, Beaver furs, deerskin, and a passage to Asia. They failed all these goals and failed to even survive. From went and only 62 survived, 9000 went in and only 2000 survived. Later after 1618 the crowned administrator will give anyone 50 acres of land to anyone who could get to Virginia during a certain time.

1/14/10 During this time Virginia's tobacco becomes the staple product. In New England the Pilgrim colony in 1620 seek religious freedoms and made the mayflower compact. In 1630 Puritans came to New England. Many went to the Caribbean around the year 1000 and within the decade 20,000 settled for sugar plantation. The Puritans had left England for their own religious freedom, they denied these rights to others. Many who wanted separation of state and church had to flee. The puritans scorned the Indians and took anything they had with little remorse. Dutch settled New Amsterdam until the English gained control in 1664 and recaptured it in 1673 and the English named it New York.

1/14/10 North America Quaker colony settled in Pennsylvania and its first capital Philadelphia which became known well throughout western Europe for their religious tolerance. While the English were establishing numerous diverse thriving colonies along the Atlantic coasts from Newfoundland to South Carolina and Inland Hudson Bay.

1/14/10 The English also conquered and sent migrants to the Pacific Islands. Crossing the Atlantic became relatively quick and easy, but reaching Australia and New Zealand, on the opposite of the globe, was quite a different matter. Their have been some landings by the Asians in the sixteenth century. Spanish copies of Portuguese charts suggest that their sailors had landed on and mapped the northern and Eastern coast. It is suggested that the Spanish may also have known about them, but continuing contact resulted.

1/14/10 In the early 1600’s, a few Dutch sailors reached parts of the coast, wrecking several ships. Between 1642 and 1644, under the command of the Dutch East India Trading Company, the Dutch commander Abel Tasman began a systematic exploration of New Zealand, the Tasman sea, the island that would be named Tasmania, and the north coast of Australia. With such unpromising descriptions reaching England, and the general decline of Spanish, Dutch and Portuguese power Australia remained untouched by Europeans for a century and a half

1/14/10 In 1768, the English Captain James Cook set out on a three- year voyage, which took him to Tahiti to record astronomical observations; to Australia to determined the nature of the “Southern Continent” reported by Tasman; to map out New Zealand. The British government decided that Australia could serve as a “dumping ground” they had been seeking for the prisoners who were crowding the jails in Britain. British settlement in Australia thus began in the form of penal colonies. From 1788, when the first shipload of convicts arrived, until the 1850’s, “transportation” to Australia was the only alternative to hanging for British prisoners.

1/14/10 Beginning 1835, new prison acts in Britain began to provide for prisoners in Britain and the use of Australia as a prison colony quickly declined. By 1868 the last convict ship unloaded its cargo- Irish Prisoners were deposited in Western Australia. In 1788, Europeans first arrived to settle Australia.

1/14/10 The devastation caused by the arrival of the British was repeated in New Zealand. The Maori, an East Polynesian people, had arrived and settle in New Zealand about 750 c.e. The Maori were violent, cannibalistic people. The first missionaries came to in 1814 to convert Maori. Diseases accompanying the Europeans cut the Maori population in half. In 1840 British settlers signed a treaty with Maori. British soon confiscated Maori lands and drove Maori from richest lands in New Zealand.

1/14/10  The Dutch East India Company sent the first European settlers to South Africa  The settlement was called the cape colony and was used to control shipping between Europe and Asia.  Dutch gives cape colony to British  More Europeans moved to south Africa by choice.  People from Africa were taken and forced into slavery  This contributed many migrations of people to the New World