Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes L. ivanovii L. murrayi L. grayi L. seeligeri L. innocua L. welshimeri זואונוטי רק צאן רק בני אדם לא פתוגני, לא המוליטי.

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Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes L. ivanovii L. murrayi L. grayi L. seeligeri L. innocua L. welshimeri זואונוטי רק צאן רק בני אדם לא פתוגני, לא המוליטי

Listeria spp. אינם יוצרים נבגים, אינם יציבי חומצה. ארוביים קפנופיליים, צומחים טוב ב - % 10 CO 2 צמיחה : motility – התרבות : ; pH בטא המוליטי, קטלז חיובי תכונות : מתגים קטנים ( אורך um ) גרם חיוביים.

טקסונומיה ישנם 5 מינים, רק 2 פוגעים בבעי " ח חיידקמאכסן תסמונת L. monocytogenes בעי " ח צעירים septicemia ( יונקים, עופות ובני אדם ) פגיעה באברי חלל הבטן צאן, עזים, בקר ואדם דלקת המוח וקרומיו " " " " הפלה L. ivanovii צאן ובקרהפלה

קבוצות סרולוגיות 13 קבוצות סרולוגיות המבוססות על אנטיגנים סומטיים ושל השוטונים. כמעט כל התחלואה ההומנית ווטרינרית נובעת מקבוצות: 1/2a, 1/2b, 4b

Camp test Rhodococcus equi Staph. aureus L. Monocytogenes -+ L. Ivanovii +-

סביבת חיים חופשי בטבע באדמה, צמחיה, צואת אדם וחיות. חלב בקר צמיחה בתחמיץ -" התפרצות קלסית " הדבקת בני אדם ממזון מזוהם, במיוחד חלב גבינה ובשר עוף.

אנצפליטיס encephalitis

גורמי אלימות : listeriolysin O (haemolysin) LLO- מסיעה לחדירה לתאים ופעיל בהמסת הממברנה של הפגוזום החדירה לתאים באמצעות חלבוני שטח (surface proteins) internalin InlA ו - InlB הם החשובים ביניהם

חדירה לתא בריחה מהפגוזוםהתרבות בציטופלזמה התרכזות בפריפרית התאחדירה לתא שכןשוב התרבות     אין חשיפה לנוזל האקסטרא - צלולרי

פתוגנזה : עקה stress - חודר אפיתל מעי הדק התרבות במאקרופאגים ותאי אפיתל התרבות בעיקר בטחול ובכבד מוקדים נקרוטים באברי חלל הבטן חדירה דרך ריריות פגועות מעבר ל C.N.S. מיקרו - מורסות במוח עם perivascular cuffing

zipper mechanism zippering of the host cell membrane around the bacterium as it enters. This mode of entry into non-professional phagocytes is employed by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes. Bacterial ligand interacts with a surface molecule on the host cell. The receptor is generally a protein involved in cell adhesion and/or activation of the cytoskeleton machinery. The ligand-receptor interaction induces local rearrangements in actin cytoskeleton and other signals that culminate in the tight envelopment of the bacterial body by the plasma membrane.

L. monocytogenes infects both human and aminals causing meningitis, sepsis, and abortion, L.ivanovii is restricted to sheep and cattle, in which it causes septicemic disease, neonatal sepsis and abortion, but no brain infection. The other species are generally considered nonpathogenic

Schema of intracellular life cycle of pathogenic Listeria Reproduced from: Vazquez-Boland JA, et al., Pathogenicity islands and virulence evolution inListeria. Microbes Infect. 3(7): Microbes Infect. 3(7):

Virulence Factors Actin-based motility ActA Adherence Ami FbpAAmiFbpA Bile resistance BSHBSH Exoenzyme Mpl PlcA PlcB SMase (L. ivanovii) ExoenzymeMplPlcAPlcBSMase Intracellular growth Hpt LplA1 SvpAHptLplA1SvpA Invasion Auto InlA InlB LpeA p60 AutoInlAInlBLpeAp60 Peptidase Lsp Lsp Regulation PrfA PrfA Stress protein ClpC ClpE ClpP ClpCClpEClpP Toxin LLO LLS LLOLLS

Virulence Factors Actin-based motility ActA :Factor responsible for actin-based motility and cell-to-cell spread Domains of ActA and model of Listeria actin tail assembly (Reproduced from: Goldberg MB, ListeriaListeria

Virulence Factors Actin-based motility ActAActA Adherence Ami FbpA Bile resistance BSHBSH Exoenzyme Mpl PlcA PlcB SMase (L. ivanovii) ExoenzymeMplPlcAPlcBSMase Intracellular growth Hpt LplA1 SvpAHptLplA1SvpA Invasion Auto InlA InlB LpeA p60 AutoInlAInlBLpeAp60 Peptidase Lsp Lsp Regulation PrfA PrfA Stress protein ClpC ClpE ClpP ClpCClpEClpP Toxin LLO LLS LLOLLS

Virulence Factors Adherence Ami : plays a role in the adhesion of L. monocytogenes to eukaryotic cells via its cell wall- binding domain. FbpA :A fibronectin-binding protein present on the listerial surface that can mediate adherence to host cells but also act like a chaperone for two virulence factors, LLO and InlB

Virulence Factors Actin-based motility ActAActA Adherence Ami FbpAAmiFbpA Bile resistance BSHBSH Exoenzyme Mpl PlcA PlcB SMase (L. ivanovii) Intracellular growth Hpt LplA1 SvpAHptLplA1SvpA Invasion Auto InlA InlB LpeA p60 AutoInlAInlBLpeAp60 Peptidase Lsp Lsp Regulation PrfA PrfA Stress protein ClpC ClpE ClpP ClpCClpEClpP Toxin LLO LLS LLOLLS

Virulence Factors Actin-based motility ActAActA Adherence Ami FbpAAmiFbpA Bile resistance BSHBSH Exoenzyme Mpl PlcA PlcB SMase (L. ivanovii) Intracellular growth Hpt LplA1 SvpA Invasion Auto InlA InlB LpeA p60 AutoInlAInlBLpeAp60 Peptidase Lsp Lsp Regulation PrfA PrfA Stress protein ClpC ClpE ClpP ClpCClpEClpP Toxin LLO LLS LLOLLS

Virulence Factors Intracellular growth Hpt (Hexose phosphate transporter) The mammalian G6PT is responsible for the uptake of G6P from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum for its conversion into glucose. Hpt mimics the function of the mammalian G6PT to steal fueling metabolites from host cell cytosol for the benefit of the microbe. vpA (surface-virulence associated protein) A novel factor may be involved in promoting bacterial escape from phagosomes of bacteria

Virulence Factors Actin-based motility ActAActA Adherence Ami FbpAAmiFbpA Bile resistance BSHBSH Exoenzyme Mpl PlcA PlcB SMase (L. ivanovii) ExoenzymeMplPlcAPlcBSMase Intracellular growth Hpt LplA1 SvpAHptLplA1SvpA Invasion Auto InlA InlB LpeA p60 Peptidase Lsp Lsp Regulation PrfA PrfA Stress protein ClpC ClpE ClpP ClpCClpEClpP Toxin LLO LLS LLOLLS

Virulence Factors Invasion Auto : surface protein in L. monocytogenes but absent in L. innocua Required for entry of L. monocytogenes into nonphagocytic cells and necessary for full virulence InlA (Internalin), InlB : Promote entry into host cells. Mediate the crossing of the intestinal and placental barriers, and invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) may also be mediated by the interaction between InlA and E-cadherin.

Virulence Factors Actin-based motility ActAActA Adherence Ami FbpAAmiFbpA Bile resistance BSHBSH Exoenzyme Mpl PlcA PlcB SMase (L. ivanovii) ExoenzymeMplPlcAPlcBSMase Intracellular growth Hpt LplA1 SvpAHptLplA1SvpA Invasion Auto InlA InlB LpeA p60 AutoInlAInlBLpeAp60 Peptidase Lsp Lsp Regulation PrfA Stress protein ClpC ClpE ClpP Toxin LLO LLS LLOLLS

Virulence Factors Regulation PrfA (Pleiotropic regulatory factor) coordinates regulation of the virulence factors and is temperature controlled Influenced by environment: temp., pH, nutrients etc. The main switch of a regulon including the majority of the known listerial virulence genes: LIPI-1 genes (with prfA itself) and several genes of the subfamily of secreted internalins (e.g.,inlC of L.monocytogenes and i-inlE of L.ivanovii) PrfA negatively regulates stress response mediator gene clpC and the motility-associated genes motA and flaA

Virulence Factors Actin-based motility ActAActA Adherence Ami FbpAAmiFbpA Bile resistance BSHBSH Exoenzyme Mpl PlcA PlcB SMase (L. ivanovii) ExoenzymeMplPlcAPlcBSMase Intracellular growth Hpt LplA1 SvpAHptLplA1SvpA Invasion Auto InlA InlB LpeA p60 AutoInlAInlBLpeAp60 Peptidase Lsp Lsp Regulation PrfA Stress protein ClpC ClpE ClpP Toxin LLO LLS LLOLLS

Virulence Factors Stress protein ClpC :An ATPase promoting early escape form the phagosome of macrophages –also required for adhesion and invasion, possibly by modulating the expression of InlA,InlB and ActA ClpE :An ATPase required for prolonged survival at 42 degree Acts synergistically with ClpC in cell division ClpP : Serine protease involved in proteolysis and is required for growth under stress conditions

Virulence Factors Actin-based motility ActAActA Adherence Ami FbpAAmiFbpA Bile resistance BSHBSH Exoenzyme Mpl PlcA PlcB SMase (L. ivanovii) ExoenzymeMplPlcAPlcBSMase Intracellular growth Hpt LplA1 SvpAHptLplA1SvpA Invasion Auto InlA InlB LpeA p60 AutoInlAInlBLpeAp60 Peptidase Lsp Lsp Regulation PrfA PrfA Stress protein ClpC ClpE ClpP ClpCClpEClpP Toxin LLO LLS

Virulence Factors Toxin LLO (Listeriolysin O) : Mediates lysis of the primary phagosomes formed after the uptake of extracellular bacteria, and required for the efficient escape from the double-membrane vacuole that forms upon cell-to-cell spead The pores or membrane lesions caused by LLO facilitate the access of Listeria phospholipases to their substrates, leading to total dissolution of the physical barrier that delimits the phagosomal compartment Multifunctional virulence factor: induce a number of host cell responses, such as cell proliferation, activation of MAP kinase pathway in epithelial cells, modulation of internalization via calcium signaling and cytokine expression in macrophages, etc.

חיידקי ליסטריה בניוטרופיל

מיקרו - אבצס בתוך המוח

בני אדם: נשים הרות  תסמונת שפעת הדבקת העובר  הפלה או פג מחלה נאורולוגית בתינוקות או פגועי מע ' החיסונית. וטרינרים ועובדי בתי מטבחיים : פגיעה בעור cutaneous listeriosis מחלה סיסטמית

תסמונת קלינית : בדר ' כ אין קשר בין 2 התסמונות 1 ) תסמונת נאורולוגית : במיוחד בחורף ואביב התפתחות שיניים חדירה ל - trigeminal nerve  דלקת מוח nystagmus, blindness, unilateral facial paralysis תנועה סיבובית

2 ) הפלות התרכזות החיידק בשליה  נוזל אמניוטי  עובר הפלות ספורדיות או בקבוצות טרימסטר שלישי תמותה לאחר ההמלטה neonatal death פרות : 6 עד 8 ימים לאחר הדבקה כבשים : 3 עד 11 " " " כבשים : 20% - 1 הפלות עקה ( stress )

קליני עליה בחום עצירת שליה הפרשה וגינלית פורולנטית למשך עד 3 שבועות בד " כ אין תופעות עצביות במפילות החיידק מופרש מעל חודש

ממצאים פתולוגים : אוטוליזה דלקת קרום הלב ( פיברינוטי ) דלקת קרום הריאות דלקת קרום הבטן דימומים בסרוזות - serosal haemorrhages מוקדים נקרוטים לבנים קטנים בכבד ובכפתורי השליה קיבים שיטחיים במוקזה של האבומזום

איבחון בידוד - רקמות העובר ותובן קיבה, מוח, אברים פנמיים העשרה בקור אימונופלוארסנציה ( פוליולנטי ) false positive צביעה ישירה ( טנטטיבי ) היסטולוגיה

חסינות וחיסונים טפיל אינטרא – צלולרי לכן חסינות תאית נוגדנים : כיילים גבוהים - אינם ספציפיים לא נהוג חיסון ( קיים בארצות המזרח )

טיפול פניצילין G וסינטטים - מתנהגים כבקטריוסטטים עדיף שילוב עם גנטמיצין

זואונוזה דומה לשפעת נשים הרות 1/2 שני הריון : הדבקת העובר  הפלה או לידה של עובר עם דלקת מוח וקרומים 1-2 % מהפלות הומניות באירופה

Listeria monocytogenes infection in Israel and review of cases worldwide Emerging Infectious Diseases, March, 2002 by Yardena Siegman-Igra, Rotem Levin, Miriam Weinberger, Yoav Golan, David Schwartz, Zmira Samra, Hana Konigsberger, Amos Yinnon, Galia Rahav, Nathan Keller, Nail Bisharat, Jehuda Karpuch, Renato Finkelstein, Michael Alkan, Zvi Landau, Julia Novikov, David Hassin, Carlos Rudnicki, Ruth Kitzes, Shmouel Ovadia, Zvi Shimoni, Ruth Lang, Tamar Shohat Listeria monocytogenes, an uncommon foodborne pathogen, is increasingly recognized as a cause of life-threatening disease. A marked increase in reported cases of listeriosis during 1998 motivated a retrospective nationwide survey of the infection in Israel. From 1995 to 1999, 161 cases were identified; 70 (43%) were perinatal infections, with a fetal mortality rate of 45%. Most (74%) of the 91 nonperinatal infections involved immunocompromised patients with malignancies, chronic liver disease, chronic renal failure, or diabetes mellitus. The common clinical syndromes in these patients were primary bacteremia (47%) and meningitis (28%). The crude case-fatality rate in this group was 38%, with a higher death rate in immuno- compromised patients.