1 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION MÀSTER DE FORMACIÓ DE PROFESSORAT DE SECUNDÀRIA BATXILLERATS I EOIs Helena Roquet Pugès Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Oct 2013 Grup d’Adquisició de Llengües des de la Catalunya Multilingüe (ALLENCAM) LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN MULTILINGUAL CATALONIA

OUTLINE Questionnaire on Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Terminology First Language Acquisition (L1) What and how we learn? Foreign Language Acquisition (L2/L3) Differences and similitudes Instructional Implications What can we do as teachers? Input and interaction. Formal instruction

QUESTIONNAIRE I: What do you think? 1) What is included in the study of SLA? 2) What is not included? 3) Why is SLA research relevant?

QUESTIONNAIRE II: Correct or incorrect? 1) We learn languages by imitating what we hear. 2) Adults tend to correct children when they make mistakes. 3) Intelligent people are better at learning languages. 4) If you learn a language before adolescence, you are better at it. 5) Most errors we make are due to the influence of our L1. 6) Bilingual children do not learn their two languages well. 7) Mixing languages is dangerous.

SLA main issues in a nutshell: 1) How do learners learn an L1, an L2? 2) Why do learners vary in how fast they learn an L2? 3) Why do most fail to achieve full TL competence?

Language Acquisition: Terminology I First language/s: the 1L/s one learns as a child (also mother tongue). Second language/s: a non native L that is widely used for purposes of communication, usually as a medium of communication, government or business (i.e. English in Nigeria). Foreign language/s: a non native language (usually taught in school) that has no status as a routine medium of communication in that country (i.e. English in Catalonia).

Language Acquisition: Terminology II Acquisition: Natural – implicit unconscious process by which L is acquired similarly as children acquire their 1L. “Natural” way of picking up a L by using it in natural, communicative situations. Learning: Formal – explicit conscious knowledge about grammar and rules about a language. It takes place in classrooms when following a structured course with a teacher, so formal teaching and correction of errors are necessary for learning to occur. Main tenets of Stephen Krashen’s theory of SLA.

First Language Acquisition (L1) One mother tongue language : L1 Monolingualism Two or more mother tongue languages: L1s Bilingualism, Trilingualism, etc…

First Language Acquisition (L1) We all learn to speak our first language/s with the same degree of competence: (however, the same does not occur with L2/3) First language competence will have an effect on second/foreign language competence.

First Language Acquisition (L1) What do we learn? Language development. How do we learn? Requisites

Language development (1) 0;6 months = vocalisations (crowling) 0;8 months= sounds and gestures 0;9 months = babbling /pæ/ /bæ/ 0;10 months = reduplicated babbling

Language development (2) 0;11 months = first words 1;4 years = 50 words 1;6 years= 100 words + telegraphic speech: ‘daddy go; more this; no cooky’ 1;7 years = 200 words 1;10 years = first syntax

Language development (3) 4/5 years Phonology, lexis and syntax (stages of acquisition) Until 10 years More complex syntax All our life Lexis

Degree of competence L1 Communicative abilities Basic interpersonal Communicative skills (BICS) Academic abilities COGNITIVE MATURATION Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) (Cummins, 1979)

How we learn: Requisites Chomskyan innatism We are genetically programmed to learn any language. GIVEN… Exposure to the target language (INPUT) 4/5 years = hours In communicative situations (OUTPUT)

Second/Foreign Language Acquisition Differences and similarities: between.. Natural acquisition (+BICS): Typically of L1 Formal acquisition/learning (+CALP): Typically of L2, except for bilingualism in children

Second/Foreign Language Acquisition We all learn our L1/s with the same degree of competence Not everyone reaches the same levels of competence in an L2: Similarities (route of acquisition) Individual differences (level of attainment, speed): AGE, APTITUDE, ATTITUDE, MOTIVATION, PERSONALITY, COGNITIVE STYLE, GENDER (these make us different and the conditions are not always the ones explained before)

SUMMARY ¿What do we learn? Basic interactive communicative skills (BICS) Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) (Cummins, 1984) ¿How do we learn? Massive exposure to target language (INPUT) in communicative situations (INTERACTION)

¿Are the conditions to formal language learning in school met? ¿Massive exposure to input? NO ¿In interactive contexts with attention to BICS as well as to CALP? FEW

Instructional Implications Input and interaction. Formal instruction What can we do as teachers? As much input as possible (always English, internet, songs, films, documentaries...) Promote communicative situations with a lot of interaction CLIL ….

Input and interaction. Formal instruction Recommendation Focus on form: drawing students’ attention to linguistic elements as they arise incidentally in lessons whose overriding focus is on meaning or communication (Doughty & Long, 2003) In communicative contexts Double orientation: towards form and meaning

INSTRUCTED SLA The role of grammar (1) Ellis (1994): “Whereas we have always believed that informal exposure to the target language may not be a sufficient condition for acquisition, the combination of communicative situations and formal instruction in the classroom generates the optimal conditions for language acquisition”

Input and interaction. Formal instruction DeKeyser’s warning is that implicit focus on form may be insufficient if there is not massive input (DeKeyser, 2002) Focus on forms: separate attention to grammar and subsequent integration of the knowledge provided in increasingly communicative activity (DeKeyser, 1998) Attention drawn towards language forms to develop linguistic awareness which may result in uptake and subsequently intake. (DeKeyser, 2002) AT WHAT AGE?

Group task: Taking into account that massive input and interaction are crucial to acquire a 1st and a 2nd L, think about some grammar you want your students to learn and create a task using this grammatical item in communicative situations. Think about the age of your students, their previous knowledge and justify your choices.

CONCLUSION Learning a second/foreign language is not completely different from learning a first language, yet it is not entirely the same…..