DNA TranscriptionTranslation The Central Dogma TraitRNA Protein Molecular Genetics - From DNA to Trait RNA processing.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
CH 11.4 & 11.5 “DNA to Polypeptide”.
Advertisements

RNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA Transcription and Translation
Transcription & Translation Biology 6(C). Learning Objectives Describe how DNA is used to make protein Explain process of transcription Explain process.
Photo credit: Firefly with glow, by Terry Priest on Flickr (Creative Commons)
2.7 DNA Replication, transcription and translation
10-2: RNA and 10-3: Protein Synthesis
From DNA to Proteins Lesson 1. Lesson Objectives State the central dogma of molecular biology. Describe the structure of RNA, and identify the three main.
Chapter 13.2 (Pgs ): Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
How DNA is used in Heredity Reading the Book of Life, or Gene Expression.
VII RNA and Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis 12-3.
Chapter 13.1 and 13.2 RNA, Ribosomes, and Protein Synthesis
RNA and Protein Synthesis
Gene Expression How is the information in DNA used to determine an organism’s characteristics?
Unit 5: Molecular Genetics. DNA Transcription Translation TraitRNA Protein The “Central Dogma” of Molecular Genetics.
8.4 Transcription KEY CONCEPT Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.
8.4 Transcription KEY CONCEPT – DNA directs the synthesis of proteins through three steps (Replication, Transcription, & Translation) Transcription is.
Molecular Genetics - From DNA to Trait. How Are Different Types of Cells Created and Maintained? Different types of cells are created by differential.
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Relate the concept of the gene to the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single stranded nucleotide chain – ribose sugar – G-C and A-U – Uracil instead of Thymine – Different types: – mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
P ROTEIN SYNTHESIS. The base sequence of DNA codes for the amino acids that make up a protein (one gene codes for one polypeptide).
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Objective: 6(C) Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA.
What’s So Special About DNA? DNA is one of the most boring macromolecules imaginable - its made of only four building blocks and has a perfectly monotonous.
12-3 RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. 1. THE STRUCTURE OF RNA.
What is central dogma? From DNA to Protein
Transcription and Translation
Transcription and Translation How genes are expressed (a.k.a. How proteins are made) Biology.
DNA in the Cell Stored in Number of Chromosomes (24 in Human Genome) Tightly coiled threads of DNA and Associated Proteins: Chromatin 3 billion bp in Human.
The Genetic Code and Transcription Chapter 12 Honors Genetics Ms. Susan Chabot.
8.4 Transcription KEY CONCEPT Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION. TRANSLATING THE GENETIC CODE ■GENES: CODED DNA INSTRUCTIONS THAT CONTROL THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS WITHIN.
8.4 Transcription KEY CONCEPT Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule. NEW VOCABULARY (Def. on next 2 slides) Central Dogma RNA.
Introduction to Molecular Biology and Genomics BMI/CS 776 Mark Craven January 2002.
Question of the DAY Jan 14 During DNA Replication, a template strand is also known as a During DNA Replication, a template strand is also known as a A.
8.4 Transcription KEY CONCEPT Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.
RNA and Protein Synthesis. RNA Structure n Like DNA- Nucleic acid- composed of a long chain of nucleotides (5-carbon sugar + phosphate group + 4 different.
Chapter 13 – RNA & Protein Synthesis MS. LUACES HONORS BIOLOGY.
Chapter 8 Section 8.4: DNA Transcription 1. Objectives SWBAT describe the relationship between RNA and DNA. SWBAT identify the three kinds of RNA and.
8.3 DNA Replication KEY CONCEPT DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.
CH 12.3 RNA & Protein Synthesis. Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell…
Protein Synthesis Notes. Main Idea DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis. Protein Synthesis is the making of proteins.
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Page 300. A. Introduction 1. Chromosomes are a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of.
Chapter 12.3 DNA, RNA and Protein DNA, RNA, and Protein Molecular Genetics Central Dogma  RNA - Contains the sugar ribose and the base uracil,
Molecular Genetics - From DNA to Trait Traits DNA To.
Transcription and Translation
Gene Expression = Protein Synthesis.
Section 3: DNA, RNA, and Protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
Chapter 13.1: RNA Essential Questions
The Central Dogma Transcription & Translation
RNA & Protein synthesis
From DNA to Proteins Transcription.
Enzymes and their functions involved in DNA replication
Protein Synthesis.
Transcription 8.4.
Protein Synthesis in Detail
Chapter 11.4.
Transcription and Translation
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription.
RNA carries DNA’s instructions.
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription and Translation
Central Dogma Central Dogma categorized by: DNA Replication Transcription Translation From that, we find the flow of.
13.1: RNA & Transcription.
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA Transcription and Translation
Presentation transcript:

DNA TranscriptionTranslation The Central Dogma TraitRNA Protein Molecular Genetics - From DNA to Trait RNA processing

How Are Different Types of Cells Created and Maintained? By differential gene expression. The same genetic information is in all 100 trillion cells of any one person. Different cells use the same blueprint in different ways. How? In essence, the control of gene expression occurs by regulating the flow of information from DNA to protein.

Transcription makes an RNA copy of DNA. Transcription is a Key Step in Gene Expression

RNA RNA is a nucleic acid polymer that uses a slightly different sugar than DNA and the base uracil (U) in place of thymine (T).

RNA Is Largely Single-Stranded This is a bit of a simplification as RNA forms base pairs within a single strand, but RNA is not double helical over the entire molecule.

There are Different RNAs with Distinct Functions Recently, a new class of RNA, microRNA, has been shown to regulate gene expression.

Transcription The enzyme RNA polymerase opens the DNA strands and synthesizes an RNA complementary to only one of the DNA strands. RNA polymerase acts here

Transcription The decision to transcribe a gene is the most important step in the control of gene expression. Transcription starts and stops at distinct sites at the ends of a gene. A gene

Eukaryotic Genes are Segmented Genes are made of parts represented in the mRNA (exons) and parts that are transcribed but not present in the mRNA (introns). In some genes more than 90% of the pre-mRNA is destroyed, never to appear in the mRNA. Introns are removed from the primary transcript and exons are spliced together to make mRNA.

Alternative Splicing – More Bang for the Buck This has the consequence that the count of our genes (~20,000) seriously underestimates the count of our different proteins.

The Genetic Language Uses 4 Letters Written Into 3-Letter Words

Amino Acids – What the Genetic Code Specifies Two examples There are 20 different amino acids

What Translation Accomplishes In translation, information present in the mRNA is read by the ribosome to synthesize a polypeptide. The sequence of amino acids determines the structure, and therefore the function, of a protein.

Translation Is Complicated Translation requires: ribosomes mRNA tRNA amino acids Many antibiotics block steps in translation within bacterial cells.

tRNA Is An Adpator That Couples Codons and Amino Acids

The Genetic Code is Biology’s Rosetta Stone These are the words of the genetic language.

Ribosomes are Complicated Protein Synthesizing Machines

Translation Is a Cyclic, Multistep Process

Basic Genetic Mechanisms are Universal The storage of genetic information in DNA, the use of an RNA intermediate that is read in three letter words, and the mechanism of protein synthesis are essentially the same in all organisms. Among other things, this means cancer can be studied productively in flies or yeast. It also means that human genes can be expressed in a plant or mouse genes in a yeast. A tobacco plant expressing the firefly luciferase gene.

What is the relationship between genes and traits? Putting It All Together The fundamental question of genetics - The answer - Genes Protein Traits

Putting It All Together Once again, sickle cell anemia illustrates the gene – protein - biological character connection. A single base (DNA “letter”) change in the gene for the protein  -globin changes one amino acid for another in this greater than 300 amino acid protein. sickled red blood cell normal red blood cell

Putting It Together – Sickle Cell Anemia Normal  -globin Sickle cell form of  -globin