Unit IV Part 4 Sectionalism

Sectionalism By the end of the 1830’s, Americans were more loyal to their sections than their country By the end of the 1830’s, Americans were more loyal to their sections than their country Early effects of the Industrial Revolution: Early effects of the Industrial Revolution: Existing cities grew rapidly Existing cities grew rapidly Demand for better transportation Demand for better transportation Two classes developed: capitalists and labor Two classes developed: capitalists and labor

What New England Wanted High-priced land in the West to keep labor in New England High-priced land in the West to keep labor in New England Federal money for internal improvements to expand home markets Federal money for internal improvements to expand home markets Protective tariff for new industries Protective tariff for new industries

What the South Wanted A low tariff: England might not buy so much Southern Cotton if they could not sell their goods here due to the high tariff A low tariff: England might not buy so much Southern Cotton if they could not sell their goods here due to the high tariff No internal improvements: they did not need roads, they had navigable E & W rivers AND they were afraid the Tariff might be raised to pay for internal improvements No internal improvements: they did not need roads, they had navigable E & W rivers AND they were afraid the Tariff might be raised to pay for internal improvements

What the South Wanted Cheap land because they were constantly exhausting the soil with cotton production Cheap land because they were constantly exhausting the soil with cotton production Slavery in the territories: as they bought new land they wanted to bring their slaves with them Slavery in the territories: as they bought new land they wanted to bring their slaves with them Economic prosperity seemed to depend on slave labor Economic prosperity seemed to depend on slave labor

The West By 1820 ¼ of the U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians By 1820 ¼ of the U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians After the War of 1812, Britain quit arming the Indians in the West After the War of 1812, Britain quit arming the Indians in the West This encouraged the Westward movement This encouraged the Westward movement Indian Removals by the Government encouraged it too Indian Removals by the Government encouraged it too

The West Most new towns and cities were near water for transportation, manufacturing, etc Most new towns and cities were near water for transportation, manufacturing, etc The West required skilled laborers so paid higher wages than in the East The West required skilled laborers so paid higher wages than in the East Land Speculation and fraud in the West Land Speculation and fraud in the West Western Democracy: most in the West voted for people like themselves rather than for their “Social Betters” Western Democracy: most in the West voted for people like themselves rather than for their “Social Betters”

Points of Sectional Conflict Cheap Land : W and S for it, NE against it (BUT NE laborers favored cheap land, hoping it WOULD lure labor out West, causing NE Capitalists to raise wages to keep labor) Cheap Land : W and S for it, NE against it (BUT NE laborers favored cheap land, hoping it WOULD lure labor out West, causing NE Capitalists to raise wages to keep labor) Protective tariff: NE and W for it S against Protective tariff: NE and W for it S against Federal $ for internal improvements: NE and W for it S against it Federal $ for internal improvements: NE and W for it S against it Slavery in the territories: South for it, NE morally opposed to it, West economically opposed to it. Independent farmers could not compete with plantations Slavery in the territories: South for it, NE morally opposed to it, West economically opposed to it. Independent farmers could not compete with plantations

The Missouri Compromise aka The Compromise of 1820 Background: In free States and 11 slave states Background: In free States and 11 slave states 1819 Missouri asked to be admitted as a slave state 1819 Missouri asked to be admitted as a slave state The Talmadge Amendment: slavery should be gradually abolished in Missouri and future importation should be forbidden The Talmadge Amendment: slavery should be gradually abolished in Missouri and future importation should be forbidden

The Missouri Compromise The Talmadge Amendment passed in the House The Talmadge Amendment passed in the House BUT much debate in the Senate BUT much debate in the Senate The bill and statehood were held up for a year The bill and statehood were held up for a year Then…Maine asked to enter the union as a free state (had been part of Mass) Then…Maine asked to enter the union as a free state (had been part of Mass)

The Missouri Compromise: Missouri and Maine to enter the union at the same time Missouri and Maine to enter the union at the same time AND The Thomas Amendment: Slavery would be forbidden north of the AND The Thomas Amendment: Slavery would be forbidden north of the

1824 Clay’s American System For American Self-Sufficiency For American Self-Sufficiency Use the country’s differences to tie it together Use the country’s differences to tie it together #1 High Tariff to protect NE Industries BUT spend the tariff $ on improvements for the West and the South #2 Encourage Eastern Textile Mills = market for Southern Cotton and Western Wool #3 Sell Western food in Eastern Markets #4 A National Bank

Clay’s American System Eventually, Clay’s American System will be the party platform for the Whig Party (later) Eventually, Clay’s American System will be the party platform for the Whig Party (later) Henry Clay was called “The Great Compromiser” Henry Clay was called “The Great Compromiser” He was Speaker of the House during the Missouri Compromise He was Speaker of the House during the Missouri Compromise

The Election of 1824 aka The Corrupt Bargain 4 Republican nominees: 4 Republican nominees: Andrew Jackson 99 Hero of the West (Tenn) Andrew Jackson 99 Hero of the West (Tenn) J.Q. Adams 84 Sec. of State (Mass) J.Q. Adams 84 Sec. of State (Mass) Henry Clay 37 Speaker of the House (Ken) Henry Clay 37 Speaker of the House (Ken) W.H. Crawford 41 Sec. of Treasury (Geo.) W.H. Crawford 41 Sec. of Treasury (Geo.) Calhoun ran alone for VP Calhoun ran alone for VP

The Problem The winner did not just need a plurality The winner did not just need a plurality To win, a candidate needed a majority of the TOTAL electoral votes To win, a candidate needed a majority of the TOTAL electoral votes Jackson had the most but not a majority of the total Jackson had the most but not a majority of the total Crawford became ill but kept his votes Crawford became ill but kept his votes

Henry Clay Did not have a chance of winning BUT if he gave his votes to Jackson OR Adams, that candidate would have enough to win Did not have a chance of winning BUT if he gave his votes to Jackson OR Adams, that candidate would have enough to win Clay had more in common with J.Q. Adams than Jackson Clay had more in common with J.Q. Adams than Jackson Clay gave his votes to Adams and Adams made Clay his Sec. of State Clay gave his votes to Adams and Adams made Clay his Sec. of State

Jackson called Clay… The Judas of the West! The Judas of the West! Most believed that Jackson had been robbed Most believed that Jackson had been robbed Most called the whole thing “The Corrupt Bargain” Most called the whole thing “The Corrupt Bargain”

J.Q. Adams Will have a terrible Presidency Will have a terrible Presidency Congress will oppose every move he made due to the “Corrupt Bargain” Congress will oppose every move he made due to the “Corrupt Bargain”

J.Q. Adams had some good ideas: More funds for transportation More funds for transportation Establish a National University Establish a National University Money for Exploration and Scientific Research Money for Exploration and Scientific Research But no action, much ridicule due to Jackson and friends in Congress But no action, much ridicule due to Jackson and friends in Congress

Soon… Jackson and co. will be known as the Democrats Jackson and co. will be known as the Democrats Clay and others will become the Whig Party Clay and others will become the Whig Party

Election of 1828 Still ONE party BUT two factions: Still ONE party BUT two factions: Democratic Republicans: Jackson 128 Democratic Republicans: Jackson 128 National Republicans: J.Q. Adams 8 National Republicans: J.Q. Adams 8 Stood for issues similar to the old Federalists Stood for issues similar to the old Federalists Calhoun only VP candidate Calhoun only VP candidate