The Uranium Fuel Cycle Robert Tsai November 21, 2006.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
A2 – nuclear power Garfield Graphic with kind permission from PAWS Inc – All rights reserved.
Advertisements

Nuclear Energy Chapter 12. Introduction to the Nuclear Process Fission – nuclear energy released when atom split, conventional technology Fusion – nuclear.
Does nuclear energy produce no CO2 ? A look at the full Uranium cycle.
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Presentation Components of the Fuel Cycle Front End Service Period (conversion of fuel to energy in a reactor) Back end Storage.
Nuclear Power. Source: Uranium-235 Process: – An unstable uranium nucleus is bombarded with a neutron and splits into two smaller nuclei and some neutrons.
Nuclear Fuel Production Fissile Nuclei Uranium and Plutonium 235 U 239 Pu.
Nuclear Fuel, Uranium Enrichment, Fuel Fabrication, MOX Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology for Diplomats P. Adelfang (+)Division of Nuclear Fuel.
Long Term Storage, The Failure of the Federal Government, and NIMBY.
Nuclear Fuel Production Fissile Nuclei Uranium and Plutonium 235 U 239 Pu.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 DRILL 2 FEB 11 1)Why do they add odorant to Natural Gas? 2)How do they separate natural gas from other petroleum products?
Nucular Waste A Technical Analysis Ian Baird 5/12/08.
Safe and Abundant Energy from Accelerator-Driven Nuclear Fission by Alex Kiss.
CURRENT USE STATISTICS HISTORY OF NUCLEAR ENERGY NUCLEAR POWER CYCLE Basics of Nuclear Power.
Nuclear Energy Targets: Explain how the nuclear fuel cycle relates to the true cost of nuclear energy and the disposal of nuclear waste. Describe the issues.
Spent Nuclear Fuel Timothy Pairitz. Nuclear Power 101 Uranium-235 is enriched from 0.7% to 3-5%. Enriched fuel is converted to a uranium oxide powder.
Alternative Energy Sources
 Benefits of Nuclear Energy  How Fission Works  Nuclear Power Plant Basics  Overview of Uranium Fuel Cycle  Energy Lifecycle of Nuclear Power  Generation.
 A nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of certain elements. In a nuclear power reactor, the energy released.
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Mary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, Ph.D. Idaho State University Idaho National Laboratory ANS Teachers’ Workshop at WM 2014 March 2014, Phoenix.
Uranium to Electricity: The Chemistry of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Dr. Frank A. Settle Visiting Professor of Chemistry Washington and Lee University Lexington,
Uranium Keith Becker Grace Amico Bryan Park. Basics Heaviest of all naturally occurring elements. Metal substance that is easily fissionable. Found in.
NUCLEAR ENERGY: FISSION CONVERSION OF MASS TO ENERGY = mc 2.
Uranium Enrichment Brian Lynch. Table of Contents Uranium properties Enriched Uranium Classes Yellowcake Solvent Extraction/Flourination Flourination/Fractionation.
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 1 of 18 Session I.4.9j Part I Review of Fundamentals Module 4Sources of Radiation Session 9jFuel Cycle – High Level Waste Disposal.
Fuel Cycle – High Level Waste Disposal
Chapter 4 Nuclear Energy. Objectives Describe how nuclear fuel is produced. List the environmental concerns associated with nuclear power. Analyze the.
Scorie Nucleari Adriano Duatti Laboratorio di MedicinaNucleare, Departimento di Scienze C/A e Radiologiche, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46,
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Dr. Okan Zabunoğlu Hacettepe University Department of Nuclear Engineering.
Chapter 12 Nuclear. PG&E Bill PG&E Website PG&E Website PG&E Website PG&E Website.
The environment is everything that isn’t me. Albert Einstein Albert Einstein.
Nuclear Power Bruno Caballero Browns Ferry Operations Training.
Nuclear Energy By: Elisa Fatila April 6, 2006.
Nuclear Power Plants. History of nuclear power 1938– Scientists study Uranium nucleus 1941 – Manhattan Project begins 1942 – Controlled nuclear chain.
Nuclear Energy.
Nuclear Energy Chapter 12. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Uranium mines and mills U-235 enrichment Fabrication of fuel assemblies Nuclear power plant Uranium tailings.
Sustainable Cycle Solutions World Nuclear Association London, Sep 12 th, 2013 Caroline Drevon SVP Strategy, Sales & Innovation Back-End Business Group.
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9d – slide 1 of 23 Session I.4.9d Part I Review of Fundamentals Module 4Sources of Radiation Session 9dFuel Cycle - Conversion IAEA Post.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 DRILL 11 DEC 08 Copy tonight’s homework: 1.Impacts Journal #1 due Monday. 2.Bring your protractor and compass to class Monday.
Nuclear Fuel Cycle.  According to World Nuclear Association:  The nuclear fuel cycle is the series of industrial processes which involve the production.
Synergistic Relationships of Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles Jordan Weaver Technology Report Presentation.
IAEA Sources of radiation Nuclear Fuel Cycle - Conversion Day 4 – Lecture 6 (1) 1.
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 1 of 18 Session I.4.9j Part I Review of Fundamentals Module 4Sources of Radiation Session 9jFuel Cycle – High Level Waste Disposal.
Nuclear Power Plants. Nuclear Power Plant Turbine and Generator Spinning turbine blades and generator Boiling water Steam.
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Mary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, PhD ANS Teachers’ Workshop 2014.
Nuclear Waste Disposal By: Tierra Simmons. Nuclear Waste Disposal Controversy Nuclear energy provides enough efficient sources of energy than all fossil.
Unit 1 Physics Detailed Study 3.3 Chapter 12.3: Nuclear Fissions Reactors.
Nuclear Power. An energy future based on fossil fuels is not sustainable......nuclear power does not contribute to climate change – AND there is enough.
Chapter 20 Nuclear Energy and the Environment. Nuclear Energy –The energy of the atomic nucleus Nuclear Fission –The splitting of the atomic nuclei Nuclear.
Chapter 11 Nuclear Power  Energy released in combustion reactions comes from changes in the chemical bonds that hold the atom together.  Nuclear Energy.
Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors. Overview Introduction to nuclear reactors Fundamentals of LFTR (Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors) Economic viability.
Potential role of FF hybrids Massimo Salvatores CEA-Cadarache- France Fusion-Fission Hybrids have a potential role (in principle and independently from.
International Atomic Energy Agency Reprocessing, Waste Treatment and Disposal Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology.
The Nuclear Fuel industry The nuclear fuel cycle.
IAEA Sources of Radiation Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Fuel Fabrication Day 4 – Lecture 7 1.
Nuclear Fuel Production Fissile Nuclei Uranium and Plutonium 235 U 239 Pu.
Nuclear Energy and the Environment. Current Role of Nuclear Power Plants Worldwide Worldwide 436 power plants 436 power plants 17% of electricity 17%
THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle consists of sequence of steps in which U ore is mined, milled, enriched, and fabricated into nuclear fuel.
Nuclear decommissioning: Turning waste into Wealth Radiochemistry and the nuclear fuel cycle Tzany Kokalova University of Birmingham.
Nuclear Energy Chapter 12. Introduction to the Nuclear Process Fission – nuclear energy released when atom split Fusion – nuclear energy released when.
Chapter 12 Nuclear Energy.
Uranium Enrichment Louis Croquette.
Chapter 12 Nuclear Energy.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING March 11 DRILL
Management of Radioactive Waste
Nuclear Energy.
Mary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, PhD ANS Teachers’ Workshop 2013
Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant
Nuclear Reactions 1-3,6-7,17-23 E = mc2.
A2 – nuclear power Garfield Graphic with kind permission from PAWS Inc – All rights reserved.
Nuclear Energy.
Presentation transcript:

The Uranium Fuel Cycle Robert Tsai November 21, 2006

Overview Front end –Mining –Milling –Enrichment / fuel fabrication Service period Back end –Transport and storage –Disposal (open fuel cycle) –Reprocessing (closed fuel cycle)

Mining Processes World reserves: 3.1 million tU Open-pit mining: 30% Underground mining: 38% (55% in 1990) In situ leaching (ISL): 21%

Milling – Uranium Extraction Grinding (~100 microns) Acid (H 2 SO 4 ) or alkaline (Na 2 CO 3 / NaHCO 3 ) leach Solid / liquid separation of slurry Purification (simple or extensive) Precipitation – diuranate salt (e.g. Na 2 U 2 O 7 ) Drying Uranium oxide concentrate (UOC) (predominantly U 3 O 8 )

Milling – Uranium Conversion Dissolving of U 3 O 8 in HNO 3 Calcination (strong heating) → UO 3 Reduction with H 2 → UO 2 Hydrofluorination (HF) → UF 4 Fluorination (F 2 ) → UF 6 In most cases, end-use requires conversion to UF 6 for enrichment However, certain reactors (CANDU) can use “natural” UO 2

Enrichment Natural uranium: 235 U: 0.7%, 238 U: 99.3% Reactor-grade: 235 U increased to 3-5% –Necessary to sustain fission chain reaction Methods –Gas diffusion (GD) –High-speed gas centrifugation (GC) 5% of power requirements for GD –Laser technology (still in development) Afterward, UF 6 converted back to UO 2 for mechanical processing (fuel rods)

Service Period Fission process depletes fuel – 235 U → 92 Kr, 141 Ba – 238 U → 239 U → 239 Pu PWRs and BWRs reloaded bet/1-2 years, 1/4-1/3 of assemblies replaced Complicated optimization problem –Maximize core reactivity –Top priority to safety / operational limitations

Transport and Storage At Reactor (AR) storage –Handle intense radioactivity of freshly- discharged fuel –Wet (cooling ponds) vs. dry Transport via heavily-shielded flasks Away From Reactor (AFR) storage –Similar set-up to AR facilities NRC has repeatedly confirmed storages’ safety, minimal environmental impact

Disposal (Open Fuel Cycle) No permanent disposal procedures have been implemented in the world –Plans for 2010? Consensus: burial deep underground after period of interim storage –Safeguards: vitrification, corrosion-resistant canisters, constant monitoring (10 6 years) –U.S. waste: Yucca Mountain in Nevada

Reprocessing (Closed Fuel Cycle) Similar process as with fresh feed Benefits –Resource conservation –Decreased waste load –Use of ex-military material Uranium + plutonium → MOX fuel Major challenge: build-up of by-products

Conclusions Front end –Well developed and understood process –Gas centrifugation: best available enrichment technology –Future of lasers questionable Back end –Underground disposal viable but will always have critics –Reprocessing necessary but has limitations