SLS Indiana Sept 061 The /a/→/aj/ Shift in Russian Verbs Hierarchies and Markedness Tore Nesset University of Tromsø

SLS Indiana Sept 062 (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift Pre-C stem:Pre-V stem: igra-ligraj-ut

SLS Indiana Sept 063 (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift Pre-C stem:Pre-V stem: igra-ligraj-ut

SLS Indiana Sept 064 (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift Pre-C stem:Pre-V stem: igra-ligraj-ut murlika-lmurličØ-ut

SLS Indiana Sept 065 (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift Pre-C stem:Pre-V stem: igra-ligraj-ut murlika-l murličØ-ut murlikaj-ut Non-productive /a/ suffix replaced by productive /aj/

SLS Indiana Sept 066 (7) Two questions Which verbs show /a/→/aj/ shift? Which inflected forms show /a/→/aj/ shift?

SLS Indiana Sept 067 (8) Hypothesis Marked/non-prototypical verbs/verb forms show /a/→/aj/ shift.

SLS Indiana Sept 068 (9) Root-Final Consonant Place: –Labial – Dental – Velar Manner: –Plosive – Fricative – (Sonorant) Consonant mutation –Unmarked – Marked

SLS Indiana Sept 069 (10) Root-Final Place

SLS Indiana Sept 0610 (11) Root-Final Manner

SLS Indiana Sept 0611 (12) Consonant Mutation Unmarked:Marked: Velar: k~č g~ž sk~š’: zg~ž’: Dental: t~č d~ž st~š’: d~žd:

SLS Indiana Sept 0612 (12) Consonant Mutation Unmarked:Marked: Velar: k~č g~ž sk~š’: zg~ž’: Dental: t~č d~ž st~š’: d~žd:

SLS Indiana Sept 0613 (12) Consonant Mutation Unmarked:Marked: Velar: k~č g~ž sk~š’: zg~ž’: Dental: t~č d~ž st~š’: d~žd:

SLS Indiana Sept 0614 (12) Consonant Mutation Unmarked:Marked: Velar: k~č g~ž sk~š’: zg~ž’: Dental: t~č d~ž st~š’: d~žd: Unmarked:Target is single C Marked:Target is long C or 2 Cs

SLS Indiana Sept 0615 (13) Impact of Consonant Mutation

SLS Indiana Sept 0616 (14) Root Shape Hierarchy Root DentalVelarLabial FricativePlosive Marked alternation Unmarked alternation Suffix: /a/Suffix: /aj/

SLS Indiana Sept 0617 (14) Root Shape and Markedness Root DentalVelarLabial FricativePlosive Marked alternation Unmarked alternation Suffix: /a/Suffix: /aj/

SLS Indiana Sept 0618 (14) Root Shape and Markedness Root DentalVelarLabial FricativePlosive Marked alternation Unmarked alternation Suffix: /a/Suffix: /aj/

SLS Indiana Sept 0619 (14) Root Shape and Markedness Root DentalVelarLabial FricativePlosive Marked alternation Unmarked alternation Suffix: /a/Suffix: /aj/

SLS Indiana Sept 0620 (14) Root Shape and Markedness Root DentalVelarLabial FricativePlosive?? Marked alternation Unmarked alternation Suffix: /a/Suffix: /aj/

SLS Indiana Sept 0621 (15) Root Shape and Hypothesis Confirming evidence: –Marked/non-prototypical roots tend to show /a/→/aj/ shift. Problem: –Are dental fricatives less marked than dental plosives?

SLS Indiana Sept 0622 (16) Inside the paradigm

SLS Indiana Sept 0623 (17) The /aj/% Hierarchy Gerund ≥ Imperative ≥ 1 singular ≥ 1 plural ≥ 3 plural ≥ 3 singular

SLS Indiana Sept 0624 (18) Hierarchy and markedness Hierarchy corresponds roughly to markedness if –Non-finite —Finite –Imperative—Indicative –1st person—3rd person –Plural—Singular

SLS Indiana Sept 0625 (19) Problem: 1 sg and 1 pl Gerund ≥ Imperative ≥ 1 singular ≥ 1 plural ≥ 3 plural ≥ 3 singular

SLS Indiana Sept 0626 (20) Problem 2: Active participle Gerund ≥ Imperative ≥ 1 singular ≥ 1 plural ≥ 3 plural ≥ 3 singular +/aj/ мурлыкать хныкать двигать махать

SLS Indiana Sept 0627 (21) Possible solution Participles are –Semantically marked as non-finite forms ➝ High /aj/% –Formally closely related to 3 plural ➝ Low /aj/% Inconsistent behavior may be due to conflicting forces

SLS Indiana Sept 0628 (22-23) Conclusions The /a/ ➝ /aj/ shift depends on systematic interaction of hierarchically ordered factors: –The Root Shape Hierarchy –The Inflectional Paradigm Hierarchy The /a/ ➝ /aj/ correlates with markedness/prototypicality (although the correlation isn’t perfect)

SLS Indiana Sept 0629 (24) Theoretical implication Verb classes and inflectional paradigms behave like structured networks, not like unordered lists.

SLS Indiana Sept 0630 (25) More questions Is frequency relevant? Do verbs with “postfix” -sja behave differently? What about prefixed verbs? And development over time?

SLS Indiana Sept 0631 Thanks to Hyugh Anh John Korba Chris Wiesen