Your Body and How It Functions

Overview of the Body

The health care worker assists people who are ill, injured, or seeking a healthy lifestyle. Understanding the body’s structure and functions provides the health care worker with the basic knowledge necessary to help each person reach his or her goal. When you understand normal body functions you will recognize disease processes. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education3

 Match key terms with their correct meanings.  List seven cell functions.  Identify three main parts of the cell and explain their functions.  Describe the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems of the body.  Identify terms relating to the body.  Label a diagram of the body cavities.  Explain why health care workers must have a basic knowledge of body structures and how they function. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education4

 Building block of the body  Microscopic  So small that they can be seen only with the aid of a microscope  Reproduces, grows, uses oxygen and nutrients, digests food, eliminates waste, produces heat and energy, able to move around  Structure of the cell includes:  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Cell membrane Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education5

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Figure 2.4 – The planes of the body: sagittal plane, frontal plane, and transverse plane.

Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education13

Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education15

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. The anatomical divisions of the abdomen.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. The clinical divisions of the abdomen.

The Integumentary System

In this section, you will learn about the integumentary system, which is commonly known as the skin. This system forms a protective barrier around the organs of the body. It keeps out pathogens and prevents injury to internal organs. It helps to regulate body temperature and eliminates wastes through sweat glands. The integumentary system also senses stimuli, which allows the body to react to changing environmental conditions. As a health care worker, you should know the structure and functions of the integumentary system in order to treat disorders that may damage skin and make the body more vulnerable to injury or disease. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education22

 Match key terms with their correct meanings.  Label a diagram of a cross section of skin.  List the five main functions of skin.  Identify three main layers of the skin.  Match common disorders of the integumentary system with their descriptions.  Describe how the integumentary system protects the body.  Explain why the health care worker’s understanding of the integumentary system is important. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education23

 Skins is the body’s largest organ and is the first line of defense against infection  Functions of skin:  Protect the underlying body parts from injury and the invasion of pathogens  Regulate body temperature by controlling the loss of body heat  Eliminate wastes through perspiration  Store energy in the form of fat and vitamins  Sense touch, heat, cold, pain, and pressure through receptors  Produce vitamin D  Skin is made up of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education24

Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education26

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Skin structure, including the three layers of the skin and the accessory organs: sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair.

Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education28 Structure of a hair and its associated sebaceous gland.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Structure of a hair and its associated sebaceous gland.

 dermatosis - any skin condition  eczema - condition in which reddened areas appear on the surface of the skin  athlete’s foot - condition caused by a fungus  boils - localized swelling and inflammation of the skin caused by bacteria entering the hair follicles or sebaceous glands  skin cancer - rapid growth of cells on the skin that can invade blood vessels, lymph glands, and connecting ducts

 acne - inflammation of the sebaceous gland  alopecia - baldness  ceraceous – wax-like in appearance  ceroma - tumor of waxy appearance  debridement - removal of dead tissue  dermatitis - inflammation of the skin  desquamation - shedding skin in scales, sheets  erythema - redness of the skin  keloid - excessive scarring, resembling a tumor  keratoderma - scaly skin  keratogenesis - formation of scaly skin

 pustule - elevation of skin filled with pus  scleroderma - hardened, thickened skin  sebaceous - pertaining to oily, fatty matter from the sebaceous gland  sebolith - stone in a sebaceous gland  seborrhea - excessive discharge of sebum  squamous – plate-like, scaly  urticaria - itching wheals on the derma; hives

 Dermatologist  Physician trained to treat conditions and diseases of the skin, hair, and nails Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education33

 epidermis  sloughed Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education34