Open Access to your work: why, how, and what it will do for you (and ULancaster) Alma Swan Key Perspectives Ltd Truro, UK

Stevan Harnad (USouthampton) Key Perspectives Ltd

‘Old’ paradigms Use of proxy measures of an individual scholar’s merit is as good as it gets It is a publisher’s responsibility to disseminate your work Printed article is the format of record Other scholars have time to search out what you want them to know Key Perspectives Ltd

‘New’ paradigms Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring the contributions of individual scholars Effective dissemination of your work is now in your hands (at last) The digital format will be the format of record (is already in many areas) Unless you routinely publish in Nature or Science, ‘getting it out there’ is up to you Key Perspectives Ltd

Why researchers publish their work Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access: What is it? Online Immediate Free (non-restricted) Free (gratis) To the scholarly literature that authors give away Permanent Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access: Why should we have it? Benefits to researchers themselves Benefits to institutions Benefits to national economies Benefits to science and society Key Perspectives Ltd

New niches Open Access journals ( Open Access repositories (author ‘self-archiving’) Key Perspectives Ltd

Repositories: interoperable Show their content in a specific form Harvested by search engines Form a database of global research Freely available Publicly available Permanently available Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access repositories circa 900 worldwide, including… Lancaster’s Eprints repository Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access repositories circa 900 worldwide, including… Lancaster’s Eprints repository Key Perspectives Ltd 158 items

Why we should have Open Access Greater impact from scholarly endeavour More rapid and more efficient progress of scholarship Better assessment, better monitoring, better management of research Better information-creation using new and better technologies Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access increases citations Key Perspectives Ltd Range = 50%-200% (Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers)

“Self-archiving in the PhilSci Archive has given instant world-wide visibility to my work. As a result, I was invited to submit papers to refereed international conferences/journals and got them accepted.” Key Perspectives Ltd An author’s own testimony on open access visibility

Lost citations, lost impact Only around 15% of research is Open Access…. ….. so 85% is not ….. and we are therefore losing 85% of the 50% increase in citations (conservative end of the range) that Open Access brings (= 42.5%) Key Perspectives Ltd

What this means to ULancaster 2005: 504 articles Number of citations: 1183 If all had been OA, there would have been (42.5% more) 1685 citations Since Lancaster invested £19.5m in research in 2004 ….. This means lost impact worth £8.28m to the university Key Perspectives Ltd

And for individual scientists…. Diamond, A M (1986) What is a citation worth? J. Human Resources 21, 200 ( Marginal value of one citation is USD (depending on field and number of citations: an increase from 0 to 1 citation is worth more than from citations) Update for inflation (170%) = USD (say, $1000) Convert to sterling = £460 Now let’s look at one Lancaster author’s situation…. Key Perspectives Ltd

Bob Jessop (Sociology) Key Perspectives Ltd

Bob Jessop 460 citations Would have been 42.5% lower without OA = 264 citations Bob has gained 196 citations Each citation is worth £460 Bob is richer by = £90,160! Key Perspectives Ltd

Smyth, M M Key Perspectives Ltd

Mary Smyth 42 articles, 720 citations Could have been 42.5% higher (or more) = 1026 citations ‘Lost’ citations = 326 Each citation is worth £460 Value of lost impact = £149,960 Conservatively!!! Key Perspectives Ltd

The USouthampton conundrum… Key Perspectives Ltd

Why is Southampton so strong? Strong research base TBL et al Mandatory deposit of research output in ECS repository for 4 years (c11K items) University repository actively managed and now to have mandatory deposit All = Strong web presence Key Perspectives Ltd

The RAE Move to ‘metrics’ “Correlation between RAE ratings and mean departmental citations (1996) and (2001) [Eysenck & Smith, 2002] Now an RAE plug-in for the EPrints software Key Perspectives Ltd

Science is faster, more efficient Key Perspectives Ltd

Farseeing authors, quick off the mark… Key Perspectives Ltd

Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on the basis of citation analysis Track downloads, citations, patterns of use Trends: predict impact, usage, direction of science and influences on research Latency, longevity Hubs, authorities ‘Silent’ ‘unsung’ authors identified by semantic analysis Key Perspectives Ltd

Track usage and citation history Key Perspectives Ltd

Follow the citing trail … Key Perspectives Ltd

New machine technologies Text-mining, data-mining New information creation from otherwise disparate information sources Example: Neurocommons (Find this on the ScienceCommons website: Key Perspectives Ltd

An institutional repository provides researchers with: Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress) A location for supporting data that are unpublished One-input-many outputs (CVs, publications) RAE Key Perspectives Ltd

Publisher permissions (by journal) Key Perspectives Ltd

Publisher permissions 92% of journals permit self-archiving SHERPA/RoMEO list at: Or at: Key Perspectives Ltd

Author readiness to comply with a mandate 81% 14% 5% Key Perspectives Ltd

Institutions with a mandate already University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already) CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) Queensland University of Technology (2004) (40%+ compliance and growing) University of Minho, Portugal (2005) Indian Inst Technology; UZurich; UTasmania… Key Perspectives Ltd

Funders Wellcome Trust (mandate) MRC (mandate) BBSRC (mandate) ESRC (mandate) PPARC (mandate) NERC (mandate) CCLRC (‘strong encouragement’) Key Perspectives Ltd

“Clunk Click, every trip” Public information film: 1972 In ten years, this campaign raised seatbelt wearing to: 37% of drivers 39% of front seat passengers Law passed 1982: seatbelts now compulsory 2005: seatbelts worn by: 93% of drivers 94% of front seat passengers Key Perspectives Ltd

Why we should have Open Access Greater impact from scholarly endeavour More rapid and more efficient progress of scholarship Better assessment, better monitoring, better management of research Better information-creation using new and better technologies Key Perspectives Ltd

Thank you for listening Key Perspectives Ltd