First Task: Get out vocab. Second Task: Make sure you read Ch. 9 Section 3-if not, scan it now.

Next: Check this

Next: check this

The rest of this powerpoint will be available on the website today  The answers/notes for all the foldables  The notes over respiratory diseases  The answers/notes for all the foldables  The notes over respiratory diseases

Purpose of: Sinuses- lighten the head, amplify voice, warm & moisten air before it enters the lungs Tonsils- lymphatic tissue= first line of defense against infection Palate (soft & hard)- creates the roof of the mouth to separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity Epiglottis- covers the opening of the larynx to prevent substance from entering the trachea during ingestion Uvula- plays a small role in speech and helps prevent food from entering the nasal cavity Tongue- speech & digestion

Label the following: larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, & alveoli Trace the path of air with blue pencil Describe functions underneath flaps What shape are trachea rings? How many bronchiole branches are there? Functions: Larynx- contains folds that vibrate to produce vocalizations Trachea- open tube that conducts air to both lungs Bronchi-branches of the trachea that disperse air within the lungs bronchioles-terminal branches of the bronchi which connect to alveoli at their ends Alveoli- airsacs at the end of bronchioles with very thin walls and lots of capillaries to exchange gases with the circulatory system Trachea rings are c-shaped (front needs protection, back doesn’t) There are anywhere from thousand bronchiole branches connected to million alveoli in the lungs larynx trachea bronchi bronchiole alveoli

Inhalation-diaphragm contracts and pushes downward into the abdomen and outward on the chest wall Creates a vacuum in thoracic cavity Lungs expand to fill the space Decreased pressure in lungs Makes outside air move in Exhalation- diaphragm relaxes Lungs contract back down to relaxed, natural size Increases pressure in the lungs Makes air move out of lungs to atmosphere If CO 2 builds up in the blood it reacts with the water to produce carbonic acid, which central chemoreceptors detect (blood pH drops), triggering the pons to signal for diaphragm contraction (inhalation) Oxygen rich air fills alveoli during inhalation. Oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli into capillaries that line them and is picked up by hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. CO 2 concentration is higher in capillaries near alveoli and diffuses out into the alveoli during inhalation. During exhalation, CO 2 concentrated air is returned to the atmosphere from the lungs. Capillaries carry oxygen-rich blood to body tissues where oxygen diffuses into cells and intercellular fluid, CO 2 which is more concentrated in the cells diffuses out into the capillaries to be delivered to the alveoli.

External Respiration: Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are exchanged between the atmosphere and the lungs. Inhalation and exhalation lead to diffusion in the capillaries surrounding alveoli in the lungs. Internal Respiration: Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are exchanged between body cells and the circulatory system. This is not breathing, but respiration at the cellular level to provide needed materials for metabolism and to remove cellular wastes.

inhal e e To take in air. The act of breathing out air. The act of taking in air.To breathe out air.

Respiratory Diseases On the next slides, everything that is put in boxes is vital for the test. Other material is needed for full understanding, but it is not necessary to have perfect notes.

Diseases & Disorders of the Upper Resp. System-before we get to the lungs  Pharyngitis  Common cold (nasopharyngitis)/flu or bacterium (strep throat)  Fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, sore, scratchy throat  Sinusitis  Bacteria, virus, fungi  Sinus pain, stuffiness, pressure, discharge, headache, sore throat, fever, fatigue, postnasal drip  Laryngitis  Viral, bacterial, allergies, inhaled irritants  Sore throat, hoarseness, loss of voice, fever  Tonsillitis  Viral or bacterial infection (streptococcus most common)  Red, swollen tonsils sometimes with white/yellow patches. Painful swallowing, bad breath, swollen neck glands  Pharyngitis  Common cold (nasopharyngitis)/flu or bacterium (strep throat)  Fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, sore, scratchy throat  Sinusitis  Bacteria, virus, fungi  Sinus pain, stuffiness, pressure, discharge, headache, sore throat, fever, fatigue, postnasal drip  Laryngitis  Viral, bacterial, allergies, inhaled irritants  Sore throat, hoarseness, loss of voice, fever  Tonsillitis  Viral or bacterial infection (streptococcus most common)  Red, swollen tonsils sometimes with white/yellow patches. Painful swallowing, bad breath, swollen neck glands

Diseases & Disorders of the Lower Resp. System  Influenza – The Flu  Viral infection of upper respiratory system  Headache, fever, nasal congestion, dry cough, fatigue, aching muscles  Endemic to most parts of the world 5-20% of US population gets flu every year  Influenza – The Flu  Viral infection of upper respiratory system  Headache, fever, nasal congestion, dry cough, fatigue, aching muscles  Endemic to most parts of the world 5-20% of US population gets flu every year

Diseases & Disorders of the Lower Resp. System  Acute Bronchitis  Inflammation of mucous membranes in trachea and bronchial passageways  Cough (may be productive)  Usually due to ongoing viral infection such as flu or cold  Acute Bronchitis  Inflammation of mucous membranes in trachea and bronchial passageways  Cough (may be productive)  Usually due to ongoing viral infection such as flu or cold

Diseases & Disorders of the Lower Resp. System  Pneumonia  Lung infection usually due to viral or bacterial infection (rare cases can be fungal or other parasites)  Immune response damages or kills lung cells causing fluid build- up, shortness of breath, cough, fever, chills, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, & diarrhea  Diagnosed with chest x-ray  Pneumonia  Lung infection usually due to viral or bacterial infection (rare cases can be fungal or other parasites)  Immune response damages or kills lung cells causing fluid build- up, shortness of breath, cough, fever, chills, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, & diarrhea  Diagnosed with chest x-ray

Diseases & Disorders of the Lower Resp. System  Tuberculosis (TB)  Highly contagious infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis  Attacks lungs mainly but may spread to other tissues  Contracted by breathing in droplets from cough or sneeze of infected individual  Fever, fatigue, weight loss, excessive sweating, cough that may produce mucus or blood  Tuberculosis (TB)  Highly contagious infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis  Attacks lungs mainly but may spread to other tissues  Contracted by breathing in droplets from cough or sneeze of infected individual  Fever, fatigue, weight loss, excessive sweating, cough that may produce mucus or blood

Diseases & Disorders of the Lower Resp. System  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) can include Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema  Series of lung disorders with long-term airway obstruction making it difficult to breathe  Primary cause is smoking, other causes include second-hand smoke exposure & occupational exposure to chemicals, dust, & pollution  More likely to have frequent respiratory infections such as flu and colds  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) can include Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema  Series of lung disorders with long-term airway obstruction making it difficult to breathe  Primary cause is smoking, other causes include second-hand smoke exposure & occupational exposure to chemicals, dust, & pollution  More likely to have frequent respiratory infections such as flu and colds

Diseases & Disorders of the Lower Resp. System  Emphysema  Commonly caused by tobacco smoke  Chronic inflammation of the lungs that damages the alveolar ducts and sacs as well as capillaries in the alveoli  Decreased surface area of the lungs leads to alveolar rupture and poor gas exchange, CO2 buildup in lungs  Hyperventilation can occur due to poor gas exchange  Often need to carry oxygen tanks to aid breathing  Emphysema  Commonly caused by tobacco smoke  Chronic inflammation of the lungs that damages the alveolar ducts and sacs as well as capillaries in the alveoli  Decreased surface area of the lungs leads to alveolar rupture and poor gas exchange, CO2 buildup in lungs  Hyperventilation can occur due to poor gas exchange  Often need to carry oxygen tanks to aid breathing

Diseases & Disorders of the Lower Resp. System  Chronic Bronchitis  Inflammation of bronchi triggers excessive mucus production which obstructs the airway causing shortness of breath and coughing along with increased pulse and blood pressure  May cause hypoxemia resulting in blue tint to skin and lips  Chronic Bronchitis  Inflammation of bronchi triggers excessive mucus production which obstructs the airway causing shortness of breath and coughing along with increased pulse and blood pressure  May cause hypoxemia resulting in blue tint to skin and lips

Diseases & Disorders of the Lower Resp. System  Asthma  Asthma attacks in which the airways of the lungs become narrow/inflamed, constriction of the airways is caused by bronchospasms- can lead to excess mucus  Shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness  Attacks are usually caused by an environmental or emotional trigger  Asthma  Asthma attacks in which the airways of the lungs become narrow/inflamed, constriction of the airways is caused by bronchospasms- can lead to excess mucus  Shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness  Attacks are usually caused by an environmental or emotional trigger

Diseases & Disorders of the Lower Resp. System  Lung Cancer  Damaged cells may mutate and turn off the signal to quit dividing. If this occurs, tumors develop called cancer. If malignant, lung cancer can very quickly spread to other organs and tissues of the body.  Most common cause is smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke, less common causes can include environmental exposure to toxins and pollutants  More people in the US die from lung cancer every year than any other cancer  Lung Cancer  Damaged cells may mutate and turn off the signal to quit dividing. If this occurs, tumors develop called cancer. If malignant, lung cancer can very quickly spread to other organs and tissues of the body.  Most common cause is smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke, less common causes can include environmental exposure to toxins and pollutants  More people in the US die from lung cancer every year than any other cancer

A funny thing happened…  Hiccups- phrenic nerve irritation causes diaphragm muscle to spasm  Cough- forceful exhalation to clear dust or debris from lower respiratory tract (lungs)  Sneeze- forceful exhalation to clear dust or debris from upper respiratory passageways (nose, sinuses, pharynx)  Yawn- need for increased oxygen in the lungs triggers deep, long- lasting inhalation  Hiccups- phrenic nerve irritation causes diaphragm muscle to spasm  Cough- forceful exhalation to clear dust or debris from lower respiratory tract (lungs)  Sneeze- forceful exhalation to clear dust or debris from upper respiratory passageways (nose, sinuses, pharynx)  Yawn- need for increased oxygen in the lungs triggers deep, long- lasting inhalation